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The mode is one of the commonly used measures of a central tendency. It is defined as the most frequent value in a data set.
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Updated: Feb 14, 2026

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Revisiting the Pacific Meridional Mode.

Malte F Stuecker1,2

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The Pacific Meridional Mode (PMM) and Central Pacific El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are dynamically linked, not independent. They exhibit a fast positive feedback, influencing each other on interannual timescales.

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Area of Science:

  • Climate Science
  • Oceanography
  • Atmospheric Science

Background:

  • The Pacific Meridional Mode (PMM) is known to influence Central Pacific (CP) El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events.
  • The PMM has been largely considered a stochastic phenomenon driven by mid-latitude atmospheric variability and wind-evaporation-sea surface temperature (SST) feedback.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamic relationship between CP ENSO and the PMM.
  • To determine if CP ENSO and PMM are independent phenomena or exhibit mutual influence.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of instantaneous correlations between CP SST variability and PMM on interannual and decadal timescales.
  • Utilizing a partially-coupled atmosphere/slab ocean model with idealized interannual equatorial CP ENSO SST forcing.

Main Results:

  • High instantaneous correlations were found between CP SST variability and the PMM on both interannual (ENSO-related) and decadal (Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)-related) timescales.
  • The model successfully generated a realistic PMM response to CP ENSO SST forcing, confirming a fast positive feedback loop.
  • Interannual CP ENSO SST forcing was shown to generate atmospheric circulation variability linked to the Aleutian Low and North Pacific SST anomalies characteristic of the PDO.

Conclusions:

  • CP ENSO and the PMM are not independent dynamical entities but rather mutually influence each other through a rapid positive feedback mechanism.
  • The interaction between CP ENSO and PMM occurs on interannual timescales.
  • CP ENSO forcing can generate atmospheric patterns consistent with the PDO.