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Related Concept Videos

Pulse01:16

Pulse

2.2K
When the heart pumps blood out, arterial elastic fibers play a crucial role in sustaining a high-pressure gradient. They expand to accommodate the received blood and then recoil - a process known as the pulse that can be either manually palpated or electronically quantified. Despite a reduction in its effect with increased distance from the heart, elements of the pulse's systolic and diastolic components persist, observable even at the arteriole level.
The pulse serves as a clinical...
2.2K
Pulse01:05

Pulse

4.2K
The pulse is one of the most fundamental physiological indicators of the body's cardiovascular health. It is the rhythmic expansion and contraction of the arterial walls in response to the pressure generated by the heart's pumping action.
Pulse Rate and its Significance
Pulse rate, often measured in beats per minute (bpm), reflects the heart rate (HR), which is influenced by numerous factors such as stress, physical activity, and hormonal changes. A normal resting adult pulse rate falls...
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Dynamic Equilibrium02:20

Dynamic Equilibrium

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A reversible chemical reaction represents a chemical process that proceeds in both forward (left to right) and reverse (right to left) directions. When the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, the concentrations of the reactant and product species remain constant over time and the system is at equilibrium. A special double arrow is used to emphasize the reversible nature of the reaction. The relative concentrations of reactants and products in equilibrium systems vary greatly;...
63.5K
NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

1.8K
A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
1.8K
Pulse Oximetry01:24

Pulse Oximetry

1.4K
Pulse oximetry, or SpO2, is a non-invasive method for continuously monitoring arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2). This procedure involves attaching a probe or sensor to the patient's fingertip, forehead, earlobe, or nose bridge. The sensor works by detecting changes in oxygen saturation levels through light signals generated by the oximeter and reflected by the pulsing blood under the probe.
Purpose
Average SpO2 values are greater than 95%. If the readings fall below 90%, it indicates that...
1.4K
Regulation of Pulse01:20

Regulation of Pulse

2.3K
Pulse regulation involves physiological mechanisms that ensure adequate blood flow throughout the body. The heartbeat, regulated by the autonomic nervous system, is influenced by hormonal balance, physical activity, and emotional state.
2.3K

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A Combinatorial Single-cell Approach to Characterize the Molecular and Immunophenotypic Heterogeneity of Human Stem and Progenitor Populations
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Molecular Time Sharing through Dynamic Pulsing in Single Cells.

Jin Park1, Marta Dies2, Yihan Lin3

  • 1Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.

Cell Systems
|February 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cells can dynamically share limited resources like RNA polymerase (RNAP) through timed pulses, rather than just partitioning them. This "time-sharing" mechanism allows regulators to alternate usage, influencing cell states.

Keywords:
microfluidicspartitioningpulsingshared resourcessharingtime sharing

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular biology
  • Microbiology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Cells utilize limited core enzymatic resources, such as RNA polymerase (RNAP), for various regulatory functions.
  • Resource competition is typically modeled as static partitioning among regulators.
  • An alternative regulatory strategy, time-sharing, where regulators alternate resource use, has been proposed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamics of sigma factor competition for RNAP in Bacillus subtilis under energy stress.
  • To determine if cells employ time-sharing or partitioning for RNAP utilization.
  • To model the mechanisms driving observed regulatory dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Quantitative time-lapse microscopy to observe individual Bacillus subtilis cells.
  • Analysis of sigma factor activity dynamics and RNAP competition.
  • Mathematical modeling to simulate regulatory circuit behavior.

Main Results:

  • Alternative sigma factors were activated in stochastic, repetitive pulses of approximately one hour.
  • Simultaneous pulsing of different sigma factors was rare, with some pairs showing anti-correlation.
  • Mathematical models demonstrated that stochastic time-sharing emerges from regulatory circuits competing for RNAP.

Conclusions:

  • Bacillus subtilis cells utilize a time-sharing mechanism for RNAP competition among sigma factors, not static partitioning.
  • This dynamic time-sharing allows for flexible control over cell state distribution within a population.
  • Time-sharing may be a general regulatory principle in biological systems with limited core components.