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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Optical Imaging

Background:

  • Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) non-invasively monitors brain activity by measuring hemodynamic responses.
  • fNIRS utilizes near-infrared light to detect changes in hemoglobin concentration, reflecting neural activity.
  • Over two decades, fNIRS technology has evolved for brain function mapping.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in fNIRS technology and applications.
  • To highlight improvements in signal processing and hardware for enhanced brain signal analysis.
  • To summarize emerging application areas for routine functional brain imaging.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on fNIRS signal processing techniques.
  • Analysis of hardware innovations enhancing fNIRS device capabilities (density, coverage, wearability).
  • Synthesis of current and prospective application domains for fNIRS.

Main Results:

  • Signal processing improvements reduce confounding signals, increasing statistical robustness of brain activity detection.
  • Hardware advancements have led to denser sensor arrays, wider spatial coverage, and improved device wearability.
  • fNIRS is increasingly enabling routine functional brain imaging across various application areas.

Conclusions:

  • Recent technological progress significantly enhances the capabilities and reliability of fNIRS for brain monitoring.
  • Improved fNIRS systems are expanding its utility in neuroscience research and clinical applications.
  • The field is moving towards more widespread and routine use of fNIRS for functional brain imaging.