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Related Concept Videos

Ionization Energy03:12

Ionization Energy

43.6K
The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state is called its first ionization energy (IE1). The first ionization energy for an element, X, is the energy required to form a cation with 1+ charge:
43.6K
Quantum Numbers02:43

Quantum Numbers

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It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.
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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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Chemical Ionization (CI) Mass Spectrometry01:21

Chemical Ionization (CI) Mass Spectrometry

1.6K
The molecular ion peak of a molecule in the mass spectrum provides vital information for molecular identification. However, conventional electron impact ionization can lead to the rapid dissociation of some molecular ions before they reach the detector. A milder ionization method is required to increase the lifetime of such ionized analyte molecules. Chemical ionization (CI) is a gas-phase protonation reaction useful for mass-analyzing analyte molecules that are easily protonated to yield the...
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Noble Gases02:54

Noble Gases

22.9K

The elements in group 18 are noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon). They earned the name “noble” because they were assumed to be nonreactive since they have filled valence shells. In 1962, Dr. Neil Bartlett at the University of British Columbia proved this assumption to be false.
22.9K
Dynamic Equilibrium02:20

Dynamic Equilibrium

63.5K
A reversible chemical reaction represents a chemical process that proceeds in both forward (left to right) and reverse (right to left) directions. When the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, the concentrations of the reactant and product species remain constant over time and the system is at equilibrium. A special double arrow is used to emphasize the reversible nature of the reaction. The relative concentrations of reactants and products in equilibrium systems vary greatly;...
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Related Experiment Video

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Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation
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Ultrafast quantum control of ionization dynamics in krypton.

Konrad Hütten1,2, Michael Mittermair1,2, Sebastian O Stock3,4

  • 1Physics Department E11, Technical University of Munich, Garching, 85748, Germany.

Nature Communications
|February 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Ultrafast spectroscopy using attosecond pulses tracks electron dynamics in krypton atoms. This method reveals intermediate states in Auger auto-ionization and allows control over ionization processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum dynamics
  • Atomic and molecular physics
  • Ultrafast spectroscopy

Background:

  • Attosecond spectroscopy enables real-time observation of electron dynamics.
  • Pump-probe schemes with photoelectron, XUV absorption, or photo-ion mass spectrometry are used.
  • Understanding complex ionization cascades requires advanced techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate combined photo-ion and absorption spectroscopy with attosecond resolution.
  • To track the excitation and decay cascade of Auger auto-ionization in krypton.
  • To reveal the role of intermediate electronic states in ion formation.

Main Methods:

  • Implementation of combined photo-ion and absorption spectroscopy.
  • Utilizing attosecond pulses or pulse trains for high temporal resolution.
  • Employing a pump-probe scheme with tunable laser fields.

Main Results:

  • Successfully tracked a complex, multidimensional Auger auto-ionization cascade in krypton over a few femtoseconds.
  • Revealed the significant role of intermediate electronic states in the formation of multiply charged ions.
  • Demonstrated temporal and quantitative control over ionization dynamics by tuning the dressing laser field.

Conclusions:

  • Combined attosecond spectroscopy provides unprecedented insight into ultrafast electron dynamics.
  • Intermediate electronic states are crucial in Auger auto-ionization pathways.
  • External laser fields can precisely control ionization dynamics in atoms.