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Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Fruits form from a mature flower ovary. As seeds develop from the ovules contained within, the ovary wall undergoes a series of complex changes to form fruit. In some fruits, such as soybeans, the ovary wall dries; in other fruits, such as grapes, it remains fleshy. In some cases, organs other than the ovary contribute to fruit formation; such fruits are called accessory fruits.
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In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3
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Ending the HIV/AIDS Pandemic1.

Robert Walter Eisinger, Anthony S Fauci

    Emerging Infectious Diseases
    |February 21, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Ending the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) pandemic requires optimal prevention and treatment strategies. Achieving this goal necessitates implementing biomedical advances, developing new tools like an HIV vaccine, and addressing social determinants with sustained global resources.

    Keywords:
    AIDSHIV infectionsHIV/AIDSacquired immunodeficiency syndromecommunicable diseasesglobal healthlifepandemicsviruses

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    Area of Science:

    • Global Health
    • Epidemiology
    • Infectious Diseases

    Background:

    • The human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) remains a significant global health challenge.
    • Addressing the HIV/AIDS pandemic requires a multifaceted approach at both individual and global scales.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To outline the necessary components for achieving the theoretical goal of ending the HIV/AIDS pandemic.
    • To identify the practical challenges and required strategies for pandemic eradication.

    Main Methods:

    • This study synthesizes current knowledge on HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment.
    • It reviews biomedical research advances and highlights the need for additional tools and interventions.
    • The analysis incorporates behavioral and social determinants of health.

    Main Results:

    • Ending the HIV/AIDS pandemic is theoretically achievable through comprehensive strategies.
    • Practical implementation requires aggressive adoption of existing biomedical advances in treatment and prevention.
    • Development of additional tools, including a moderately effective HIV vaccine, is crucial.

    Conclusions:

    • The pathway to ending the HIV/AIDS pandemic is challenging but feasible.
    • Sustained and increased resources are essential at all levels (local to global).
    • Addressing critical behavioral and social determinants is paramount for success.