Microparticles and Exercise in Clinical Populations
Patrick J Highton1, Naomi Martin2, Alice C Smith1
1School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom. Leicester Kidney Exercise Team, John Walls Renal Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester and Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicestershire, United Kingdom.
Abstract:
Microparticles (MPs) are shed membrane vesicles released from a variety of cell types in response to cellular activation or apoptosis. They are elevated in a wide variety of disease states and have been previously measured to assess both disease activity and severity. However, recent research suggests that they also possess bioeffector functions, including but not limited to promoting coagulation and thrombosis, inducing endothelial dysfunction, increasing pro-inflammatory cytokine release and driving angiogenesis, thereby increasing cardiovascular risk. Current evidence suggests that exercise may reduce both the number and pathophysiological potential of circulating MPs, making them an attractive therapeutic target. However, the existing body of literature is largely comprised of in vitro or animal studies and thus drawing meaningful conclusions with regards to health and disease remains difficult. In this review, we highlight the role of microparticles in disease, comment on the use of exercise and dietary manipulation as a therapeutic strategy, and suggest future research directions that would serve to address some of the limitations present in the research to date.
Insights
Microparticles (MPs), cell vesicles linked to disease, may be reduced by exercise. Further research is needed to confirm their role in cardiovascular risk and therapeutic potential.
Area of Science:
- Biomedical science
- Cellular biology
- Cardiovascular research
Background:
- Microparticles (MPs) are membrane vesicles released from cells during activation or apoptosis.
- Elevated MP levels are associated with various diseases and can indicate disease activity.
- MPs have bioeffector functions that increase cardiovascular risk, including promoting coagulation and inflammation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the role of MPs in disease states.
- To discuss exercise and diet as potential therapeutic strategies.
- To identify future research directions for understanding MP functions and therapeutic potential.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of existing studies on microparticles.
- Analysis of research on exercise and dietary interventions related to MPs.
- Identification of limitations in current research, particularly in vitro and animal studies.
Main Results:
- MPs are implicated in promoting thrombosis, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and angiogenesis.
- Exercise may reduce the number and pathological effects of circulating MPs.
- Current evidence is limited by a lack of human clinical studies.
Conclusions:
- Microparticles play a significant role in cardiovascular risk.
- Exercise and dietary modifications show promise as therapeutic strategies.
- Further human studies are crucial to validate the therapeutic potential of targeting MPs.
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