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Organisms must balance energy intake with the energy required for growth, maintenance and reproduction. These trade-offs result in a variety of survivorship and reproductive strategies, including semelparity and iteroparity. Semelparous species, like annual plants, have only one reproductive episode in their lifetimes and consequently have short lifespans. Iteroparous species, by contrast, have many reproductive events during their lifetimes but have relatively few offspring. These two...
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In a study where individuals posing as strangers offered compliments and proposed casual sex to students, the responses differed significantly based on gender. Not a single woman accepted the proposal, while 70% of the men agreed. This outcome provides a useful scenario to explore through the lens of evolutionary psychology and social learning theory, highlighting the diverse perspectives on human sexual behaviors.
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Behaviorists view personality as primarily shaped by environmental reinforcements and consequences. According to this perspective, behavior is influenced by external stimuli, and individuals adjust their actions based on rewards and punishments. Over time, learning histories — accumulated patterns of reinforcement — play a significant role in shaping personality. Behaviors that lead to positive outcomes are reinforced, while those resulting in negative outcomes are diminished.
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Related Experiment Video

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Perspectives on Neuroscience
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Bariatric Surgery Coverage: a Comprehensive Budget Impact Analysis from a Payer Perspective.

Swetha R Palli1, John A Rizzo2, Natalie Heidrich3

  • 1Real World Evidence, CTI Clinical Trials and Consulting Services, Covington, KY, USA.

Obesity Surgery
|February 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Bariatric surgery coverage may initially increase healthcare budgets but leads to significant long-term cost savings, especially for type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. This analysis models budget impacts over 10 years.

Keywords:
AccessAffordabilityBariatric surgeryCostsEfficiencyInsuranceObesityPayer

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Area of Science:

  • Health economics
  • Surgical outcomes
  • Public health policy

Background:

  • Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represent significant public health challenges.
  • Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment for severe obesity and T2DM, but its cost-effectiveness requires careful evaluation.
  • Payer budget impact models are crucial for assessing the financial implications of new medical coverage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To estimate the 10-year budget impact of bariatric surgery coverage for general and T2DM populations.
  • To compare budget impacts under unrestricted, budget-restricted, and quantity-restricted coverage scenarios.
  • To analyze the cost-effectiveness of bariatric surgery from a payer's perspective.

Main Methods:

  • A health economic model was developed using literature and HTA reports.
  • Evaluated a hypothetical payer population of 100,000 members with varying BMI and T2DM prevalence.
  • Calculated incremental cost per-member-per-month (PMPM) under different coverage scenarios, considering surgery types and outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Initial PMPM costs ranged from $0.3 to $3.6 (T2DM: $0.3 to $10.5) in year 1.
  • Cost-effectiveness break-even occurred between years 5-9 (T2DM: 5-6).
  • By year 10, estimated net cost savings ranged from $1.5 to $4.8 (T2DM: $1.2 to $31.8) PMPM.

Conclusions:

  • Bariatric surgery coverage may present a modest short-term budget increase.
  • Long-term net cost savings are projected for general populations.
  • Cost savings are substantially more pronounced in T2DM populations, highlighting its value in managing comorbid conditions.