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Related Concept Videos

What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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Lagging Strand Synthesis

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During replication, the complementary strands in double-stranded DNA are synthesized at different rates. Replication first begins on the leading strand. Replication starts later, occurs more slowly, and proceeds discontinuously on the lagging strand.
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Related Experiment Video

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Functional Surface-immobilization of Genes Using Multistep Strand Displacement Lithography
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Gene Expression on DNA Biochips Patterned with Strand-Displacement Lithography.

Günther Pardatscher1, Matthaeus Schwarz-Schilling1, Shirley S Daube2

  • 1Physics-Department and ZNN, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|February 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed "Bephore," a DNA-based resist for lithographic patterning of DNA molecules. This biocompatible material enables precise spatial organization of cell-free genetic circuits and on-chip gene expression.

Keywords:
DNA biochipselectron-beam lithographyphotolithographypolymer brushessynthetic biology

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Molecular Engineering
  • Synthetic Biology

Background:

  • Spatial organization of DNA is crucial for controlling cell-free genetic circuits.
  • Existing lithographic methods for DNA patterning can be complex and lack biocompatibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel, biocompatible DNA-based resist for lithographic patterning.
  • To enable precise spatial control over DNA molecule immobilization for genetic circuit applications.

Main Methods:

  • Development of "Bephore", a DNA-based resist using commercially available components.
  • Patterning of Bephore using photo- and electron-beam lithography via DNA hairpin cleavage and strand displacement.
  • Demonstration of multistep immobilization of DNA molecules in aqueous solution.

Main Results:

  • Bephore resist is biocompatible and can be patterned using UV light or electrons without chemical development.
  • Micrometer precision achieved in immobilizing different DNA types for multistep lithographic processes.
  • Successful demonstration of compartmentalized, on-chip gene expression from sequentially immobilized DNA templates.

Conclusions:

  • Bephore offers a robust and biocompatible platform for DNA lithographic patterning.
  • Enables precise spatial control for advanced cell-free genetic circuit construction and function.
  • Facilitates the creation of spatially resolved protein expression gradients on-chip.