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Radiation: Applications01:17

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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) are mainly located at the basal layer of the epidermis. These cells repair minor injuries of the skin and replace dead skin cells. However, EpiSCs’ cannot heal severe wounds such as major burns or those from diabetes or hereditary disorders. In such cases, culturing the epidermal stem cells from the patient is possible and has yielded successful treatment options, such as laboratory-grown skin grafts. These grafts are synthesized using a patient’s own...
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Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
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Radiation repair models for clinical application.

Roger G Dale1

  • 1Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK.

The British Journal of Radiology
|February 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review examines radiation repair models crucial for novel radiation delivery techniques. Understanding these models aids in biologically effective dose assessments and accounts for repair rate changes in normal tissues.

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Area of Science:

  • Radiation Oncology
  • Radiobiology
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • Emerging clinical radiation techniques utilize non-conventional delivery patterns.
  • Accurate assessment of radiation repair phenomena is essential for these advanced techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review key radiation repair models with clinical utility.
  • To discuss their incorporation into biologically effective dose calculations.
  • To examine models accounting for altered repair rates in normal tissues.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of radiation repair models.
  • Analysis of models relevant to clinical application.
  • Comparison of formulations for dose assessment.

Main Results:

  • Identified clinically useful radiation repair models.
  • Highlighted the importance of repair phenomena in dose assessment.
  • Discussed methods to address observed 'slowing-down' of repair rates.

Conclusions:

  • Radiation repair models are vital for modern radiotherapy.
  • Biologically effective dose calculations benefit from incorporating repair kinetics.
  • Further understanding of repair modulation in normal tissues is needed.