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Related Concept Videos

Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

134.7K
Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....
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Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

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A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)01:16

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
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Actin Polymerization01:42

Actin Polymerization

8.6K
Actin polymerization occurs through the head-to-tail association of binding sites on monomeric actin or G-actin to form filamentous or F-actin. The polymerization can be divided into three phases ̶  nucleation, elongation, and steady-state phase.
The nucleation phase involves forming a stable nucleus consisting of three actin monomers to form a new actin filament. Actin-binding proteins such as formins and Arp2/3 complex help filament growth post-nucleation. The Formins form straight...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

14.2K
Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
14.2K
Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

4.4K
Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Encapsulation and Permeability Characteristics of Plasma Polymerized Hollow Particles
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Encapsulation and Permeability Characteristics of Plasma Polymerized Hollow Particles

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Promiscuous hydrogen in polymerising plasmas.

Solmaz Saboohi1, Hans J Griesser, Bryan R Coad

  • 1Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|February 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals hydrogen

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Area of Science:

  • Plasma Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Plasma polymerization mechanisms are debated, with radical growth and ion deposition theories unable to fully explain coating chemistry.
  • Understanding plasma species activation is crucial for elucidating deposition routes and film properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamic roles of hydrogen in activating and deactivating reactive species during plasma polymerization.
  • To clarify the contributions of chemical and physical routes to plasma polymer formation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized ethyl trimethylacetate (ETMA) as a model organic precursor.
  • Introduced hydrogen in the form of water (H2O) and deuterium oxide (D2O) into the plasma.
  • Employed optical emission spectroscopy and plasma phase mass spectrometry to analyze plasma composition and reactions.

Main Results:

  • Confirmed the abundance of atomic hydrogen in the plasma.
  • Identified proton transfer from hydronium as a key precursor charging mechanism.
  • Demonstrated that hydrogen abstraction and recombination processes are highly dynamic in the plasma phase.

Conclusions:

  • Hydrogen plays a critical, dynamic role in both activating and deactivating plasma species.
  • A comprehensive understanding of hydrogen's role is essential to reconcile existing theories of plasma polymer deposition.
  • This research provides a more complete picture of plasma polymer formation mechanisms.