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Design of Columns under a Centric Load01:17

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The design of columns under centric load is a fundamental aspect of structural engineering and is critical for ensuring the stability and integrity of structures. Euler's and Secant's formulas are central to understanding and calculating the critical load and deformation behaviors of columns, providing a basis for safe and effective structural design.
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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Updated: Feb 14, 2026

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IVABRADINE LOADED SOLID LIPID MICROPARTICLES: FORMULATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND OPTIMIZATION BY CENTRAL COMPOSITE

Muhammad Hanif, Hafeez Ullah Khan, Samina Afzal

    Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica
    |February 24, 2018
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    Novel sustained release ivabradine (Iva) solid lipid microparticles were developed to improve oral bioavailability and reduce dosing frequency. These formulations enhance patient compliance through controlled drug release.

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    Area of Science:

    • Pharmaceutical Sciences
    • Drug Delivery Systems
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Ivabradine (Iva) is used to treat heart conditions but suffers from poor oral bioavailability and frequent dosing requirements.
    • Enhancing patient compliance is crucial for effective chronic disease management.
    • Sustained-release formulations offer a promising approach to overcome these limitations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To formulate novel sustained release ivabradine loaded solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) using a melt emulsification technique.
    • To optimize SLM formulations using a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) to improve oral bioavailability and reduce dosing frequency.
    • To evaluate the physicochemical properties, drug-excipient compatibility, and in vitro drug release kinetics of the developed SLMs.

    Main Methods:

    • Solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) loaded with ivabradine (Iva) were prepared via melt emulsification.
    • Formulation optimization was performed using a three-level central composite rotatable design (CCRD), varying lipid concentration, surfactant concentration, and stirring speed.
    • Characterization included Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD), rheological studies, zeta potential, particle size analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
    • In vitro drug release studies were conducted using USP type-II apparatus at pH 1.2 and pH 6.8, analyzed with various kinetic models.

    Main Results:

    • SLM formulations exhibited good flow properties and spherical morphology with smooth surfaces.
    • FTIR, DSC, and XRD analyses confirmed the absence of significant drug-excipient interactions.
    • Particle size ranged from 300-500 µm, with zeta potential values between -30 to -52 mV.
    • Percentage yield (Y,) ranged from 53-90%, and entrapment efficiency (Y2) ranged from 29-78%, influenced by formulation variables.
    • In vitro release at pH 6.8 showed 54-90% Iva release, significantly affected by bees wax concentration.
    • Drug release followed zero-order and Korsmeyer-Peppas (n ≈ 0.85) models, indicating a diffusion and erosion-controlled mechanism.

    Conclusions:

    • Novel sustained-release ivabradine SLMs were successfully developed, demonstrating potential for improved oral bioavailability and reduced dosing frequency.
    • The optimized SLMs exhibit favorable physicochemical properties and drug-excipient compatibility.
    • The release kinetics suggest a combination of diffusion and erosion mechanisms, providing sustained drug delivery suitable for enhancing patient compliance.