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meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –&NoBreak;CO2R, –COR, –CO2H

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO₂, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO₂R, –COR, –CO₂H

All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Oscillation and Reaction Board Techniques for Estimating Inertial Properties of a Below-knee Prosthesis

Oscillation and Reaction Board Techniques for Estimating Inertial Properties of a Below-knee Prosthesis

Published on: May 8, 2014

Cor triatriatum sinister

Thomas Stiermaier¹, Jan Christian Reil¹, Ingo Eitel²

¹Medical Clinic II (Cardiology/Angiology/Intensive Care Medicine), University Heart Center Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany.

Clinical Research in Cardiology : Official Journal of the German Cardiac Society

|February 25, 2018

Summary

No abstract available in PubMed .

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