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Related Concept Videos

Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

Embryonic Stem Cells

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

Embryonic Stem Cells

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
In aerobic organisms, pyruvate is metabolized via the citric acid cycle to produce reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2. These coenzymes are then oxidized in the electron transport chain to produce ATP and, in the process, regenerate the NAD+ and FAD. As seen in some cell types and organisms, fermentation...
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Personal Choice and Fate Attributions01:19

Personal Choice and Fate Attributions

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Some individuals interpret life events as a consequence of their personal choices and actions, while others believe that outcomes are dictated by fate or destiny. This divergence in perspective has been examined in psychological and cross-cultural studies, particularly in relation to religious faith and cultural beliefs about causality.Fate and Personal ResponsibilityPeople who emphasize personal responsibility view events as direct consequences of their decisions. For instance, breaking a leg...
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Embryonic Connective Tissues01:20

Embryonic Connective Tissues

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During early development, the embryo forms two types of connective tissues— the mesenchyme and mucoid connective tissue.
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Capturing and Interconverting Embryonic Cell Fates in a Dish.

Jennifer Watts1, Alyson Lokken2, Alexandra Moauro3

  • 1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Program in Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Graduate Program in Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.

Current Topics in Developmental Biology
|February 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Early embryo cells are totipotent, while embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent. Stem cell research identifies genes and pathways that maintain distinct stem cell identities and prevent fate conversion.

Keywords:
Extraembryonic and primitive endodermFatePluripotencyReprogrammingStem cellsTrophectodermTrophoblastXEN cells

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Stem cell biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Early embryonic cells are totipotent, differentiating into fetal and extraembryonic tissues.
  • Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent, limited in producing extraembryonic cell types due to early specialization.
  • Trophoblast stem (TS) and extraembryonic endoderm stem (XEN) cells arise concurrently with ES cell progenitors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the developmental potential differences between totipotent and pluripotent stem cells.
  • To identify genes and pathways governing stem cell identity.
  • To understand mechanisms preventing stem cell fate interconversion.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of stem cell differentiation potential.
  • Identification of key genes and signaling pathways.
  • Review of studies on stem cell identity maintenance.

Main Results:

  • ES cells exhibit limited extraembryonic differentiation capacity compared to early embryonic cells.
  • Three distinct embryo-derived stem cell types (ES, TS, XEN) self-renew and differentiate appropriately.
  • Specific molecular mechanisms actively prevent interconversion between these stem cell fates.

Conclusions:

  • Stem cell identity is maintained by specific genes and pathways.
  • Mechanisms exist to restrict developmental potential and prevent fate switching between stem cell types.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for stem cell biology and regenerative medicine.