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Related Concept Videos

Vitamins01:30

Vitamins

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Vitamins, derived from the Latin word for life, are essential organic substances required in small quantities for optimal growth and overall well-being. Unlike other organic nutrients, vitamins don't act as sources of energy or building materials but rather facilitate these nutrients' utilization by the body. Vitamins are predominantly coenzymes, assisting enzymes in specific chemical actions, like the oxidation of glucose for energy involving B vitamins. Most vitamins are not produced...
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Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis01:23

Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis

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The skin plays a crucial role in the synthesis of vitamin D, a vital nutrient for various physiological processes in the body. Vitamin D is unique because it can be synthesized in the skin through a series of chemical reactions triggered by exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight.
The solar UV B rays (290-315 nm) are absorbed by the skin, and 7-dehydrocholesterol (provitamin D3) photolyzes it to previtamin D3, which undergoes a rapid transformation to vitamin...
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Mineral, Vitamin and Water Absorption01:27

Mineral, Vitamin and Water Absorption

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Electrolytes are essential minerals and ions primarily obtained from the diet and absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. Most electrolytes are absorbed in the small intestine. While the absorption of iron and calcium primarily occurs in the duodenum, calcium is also absorbed in the jejunum and ileum. In these regions, passive diffusion contributes to its absorption alongside active transport mechanisms in the duodenum. These ions can exit the enterocytes through specialized active...
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Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
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Anticoagulant Drugs: Vitamin K Antagonists and Direct Oral Anticoagulants01:18

Anticoagulant Drugs: Vitamin K Antagonists and Direct Oral Anticoagulants

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Oral anticoagulants are vital tools in preventing and treating blood clotting disorders. This diverse class of medications can be categorized as vitamin K antagonists, exemplified by warfarin, and direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs), such as dabigatran, as well as factor Xa inhibitors, including rivaroxaban.
Warfarin, a prominent vitamin K antagonist family member, exerts its effect by inhibiting the enzyme VKORC1 (vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1). By hindering this enzyme, warfarin...
2.5K
Riboswitches01:56

Riboswitches

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Riboswitches are non-coding mRNA domains that regulate the transcription and translation of downstream genes without the help of proteins. Riboswitches bind directly to a metabolite and can form unique stem-loop or hairpin structures in response to the amount of the metabolite present. They have two distinct regions – a metabolite-binding aptamer and an expression platform.
The aptamer has high specificity for a particular metabolite which allows riboswitches to specifically regulate...
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PLGA Nanoparticles Formed by Single- or Double-emulsion with Vitamin E-TPGS
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Vitamin B12.

A David Smith1, Martin J Warren2, Helga Refsum3

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Advances in Food and Nutrition Research
|February 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vitamin B12 is essential for human health, acting as a cofactor for key enzymes. Deficiency impacts methylation, homocysteine levels, and neurological development, affecting millions globally.

Keywords:
BrainChildrenCobalaminCognitionElderlyHomocysteineMemoryMethylmalonic acidPregnancy

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Human Physiology
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Vitamin B12 biosynthesis is exclusive to bacteria, necessitating external intake for eukaryotes.
  • In humans, Vitamin B12 serves as a crucial cofactor for methionine synthase and methylmalonylCoA mutase.
  • Methionine synthesis is vital for over 100 methylation processes and homocysteine regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the critical roles of Vitamin B12 in human health.
  • To underscore the widespread issue of suboptimal Vitamin B12 status and its consequences.
  • To advocate for public health interventions addressing Vitamin B12 inadequacy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review on Vitamin B12 biosynthesis, function, and deficiency.
  • Analysis of the relationship between serum B12 levels and health outcomes.
  • Examination of global prevalence of suboptimal B12 status.

Main Results:

  • Vitamin B12 deficiency is linked to impaired methylation, elevated homocysteine, and neurological issues like developmental delays, stroke, and dementia.
  • Pernicious anemia represents a severe form of B12 deficiency due to intrinsic factor lack.
  • Suboptimal B12 status (serum B12<300pmol/L) affects 30%-60% of the population, particularly pregnant women and those in developing countries.

Conclusions:

  • Vitamin B12 deficiency poses a significant global health concern with far-reaching adverse outcomes.
  • The brain is particularly susceptible to B12 inadequacy, impacting cognitive and intellectual development.
  • Urgent public health strategies are required to mitigate the widespread harm caused by poor Vitamin B12 status.