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Related Concept Videos

Virtual Work01:20

Virtual Work

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The principle of virtual work states that if a body is in static and dynamic equilibrium, then the sum of all the virtual work done by all external forces and couple moments for any given virtual displacement must be zero.
In static equilibrium, a body can experience an imaginary or virtual movement, such as displacement or rotation. The virtual work done by a force is equal to the dot product of force and virtual displacement in the direction of the force. When it comes to virtually rotating a...
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Principle of Virtual Work: Problem Solving01:13

Principle of Virtual Work: Problem Solving

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The principle of virtual work is an essential concept in the field of mechanics and engineering. This is used to solve problems related to the equilibrium of a structure or system. It is based on the assumption that if a system is in equilibrium, the work done by all the forces during a virtual displacement is zero. This principle is applied by considering virtual displacements of the system and the corresponding work done by internal and external forces.
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Virtual Work for a System of Connected Rigid Bodies01:06

Virtual Work for a System of Connected Rigid Bodies

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Virtual work is a powerful method used to solve problems involving several connected rigid bodies. When the system is in equilibrium, virtual work is zero. This allows the calculation of the resulting forces when a system undergoes a virtual displacement. When attempting to analyze such a system, first, use a free-body diagram, where an independent coordinate represents the configuration of the links, and mark its deflected position resulting from the positive virtual displacement.
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Imaging Studies III: Gastrointestinal Motility Studies and Virtual Colonoscopy01:26

Imaging Studies III: Gastrointestinal Motility Studies and Virtual Colonoscopy

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This lesson explores three gastrointestinal imaging techniques: radionuclide testing, colonic transit studies, and virtual colonoscopy.
Radionuclide Testing
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Related Experiment Video

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Two-photon Calcium Imaging in Mice Navigating a Virtual Reality Environment
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An olfactory virtual reality system for mice.

Brad A Radvansky1, Daniel A Dombeck2

  • 1Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.

Nature Communications
|February 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel olfactory virtual landscape system to study mammalian navigation. This system enables precise odor delivery, revealing that olfactory navigation engages similar cognitive map mechanisms as other sensory modalities.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Sensory Systems

Background:

  • Motile organisms rely on environmental chemical cues for navigation.
  • Studying neural mechanisms of olfactory-guided behavior in mammals is challenging due to difficulties in controlling chemical stimuli.
  • Existing research on mammalian navigation often focuses on visual or spatial cues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel system for controlling and maintaining an olfactory virtual landscape.
  • To investigate the neural mechanisms underlying olfactory-guided navigation in mice.
  • To determine if olfactory navigation recruits similar cognitive map representations as other sensory modalities.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a system using rapid flow controllers and a predictive algorithm for precise odorant delivery.
  • Establishment of an odor-guided virtual navigation task for head-fixed mice.
  • Recording neural activity, specifically focusing on hippocampal CA1 place cells.

Main Results:

  • The system successfully created and maintained a controlled olfactory virtual environment.
  • Mice exhibited odor-guided virtual navigation behavior.
  • Hippocampal CA1 place cells showed properties consistent with those found in real and visual virtual environments, indicating a shared cognitive map.

Conclusions:

  • The developed olfactory virtual landscape system overcomes previous technical challenges in studying olfactory-driven behaviors.
  • Olfactory navigation in mammals engages similar neural representations (cognitive maps) as navigation based on other sensory modalities.
  • This technology facilitates future research into multisensory integration, innate valence, and sensory-spatial processing.