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Maternal hormonal milieu influence on fetal brain development.

Alexandra Miranda1,2,3, Nuno Sousa1,2,4

  • 1Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS) School of Medicine University of Minho Braga Portugal.

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|February 28, 2018
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Maternal thyroid hormones and glucocorticoids significantly impact fetal brain development. Even slight hormonal imbalances during pregnancy can lead to cognitive and developmental delays in children.

Keywords:
fetal neurodevelopmentfetal programmingglucocorticoidsmaternal hormonesmelatoninoxytocinsex steroidsthyroid hormones

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Developmental Neuroscience
  • Pregnancy Research

Background:

  • Adverse maternal hormonal environments during pregnancy can disrupt fetal brain growth.
  • Subtle maternal hormone variations within physiologic ranges may affect neurodevelopment.
  • Thyroid hormones and glucocorticoids are critical for fetal brain development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current research on maternal hormonal influences on fetal neurodevelopment.
  • To emphasize the roles of thyroid hormones and glucocorticoids in this process.
  • To discuss implications for clinical practice and future research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing research data on maternal hormones and fetal neurodevelopment.
  • Focus on thyroid hormones (thyroid-stimulating hormone, free T4) and glucocorticoids.
  • Analysis of impacts on cognitive, psychomotor, and emotional development.

Main Results:

  • Maternal free T4 levels in early pregnancy are key determinants of postnatal psychomotor development.
  • Maternal hypothyroxinemia can increase risks for language and cognitive delays.
  • Intrauterine exposure to high glucocorticoids impacts brain structure, cognition, and stress reactivity.
  • Prenatal corticosteroids may offer short-term benefits but long-term neurodevelopmental effects require further study.

Conclusions:

  • Maternal thyroid hormones and glucocorticoids are crucial for normal fetal neurodevelopment.
  • Current guidelines may not fully address the risks of subtle hormonal changes.
  • Monitoring these hormones during pregnancy is important for risk stratification of impaired postnatal neurodevelopment.