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Atomic Force Microscopy01:08

Atomic Force Microscopy

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Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that can analyze topographic details of various specimens like ceramics, glass, polymers, and biological samples. AFM offers over 1000 times more resolution than the optical imaging system. Images generated from AFM are three-dimensional surface profiles, offering an advantage over the flat, two-dimensional images from other imaging techniques.
The AFM Probe
The probe is regarded as the heart of any AFM setup and comprises the...
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Atomic Structure01:33

Atomic Structure

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Overview
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Atomic Structure01:17

Atomic Structure

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The Greek philosopher Democritus proposed that everything on Earth is made up of tiny particles called atomos, Greek for "indivisible," from which the modern term "atom" is derived. In the 19th century, John Dalton proposed the atomic theory that is still largely correct today. He put forth five postulates to explain how atoms made up the world around us. (1) All matter is composed of infinitely small particles or atoms. (2) All atoms of a given element are identical to one...
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Acid Strength and Molecular Structure03:05

Acid Strength and Molecular Structure

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Binary Acids and Bases
In the absence of any leveling effect, the acid strength of binary compounds of hydrogen with nonmetals (A) increases as the H-A bond strength decreases down a group in the periodic table. For group 17, the order of increasing acidity is HF < HCl < HBr < HI. Likewise, for group 16, the order of increasing acid strength is H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te. Across a row in the periodic table, the acid strength of binary hydrogen compounds increases with increasing...
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Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions02:54

Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions

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To draw Lewis structures for complicated molecules and molecular ions, it is helpful to follow a step-by-step procedure as outlined:
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Electronic Structure of Atoms02:28

Electronic Structure of Atoms

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An atom comprises protons and neutrons, which are contained inside the dense, central core called the nucleus, with electrons present around the nucleus. Taking into account the wave–particle duality of electrons and the uncertainty in position around the nucleus, quantum mechanics provides a more accurate model for the atomic structure. It describes atomic orbitals as the regions around the nucleus where electrons of discrete energy exist, characterized by four quantum...
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Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Bacterial Immobilization for Imaging by Atomic Force Microscopy
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Bacterial Immobilization for Imaging by Atomic Force Microscopy

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Atomic Force Microscopy for Molecular Structure Elucidation.

Leo Gross1, Bruno Schuler1,2, Niko Pavliček1

  • 1IBM Research-Zurich, 8803, Rüschlikon, Switzerland.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|February 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High-resolution scanning probe microscopy allows atomic-level analysis of single molecules, revealing detailed structure, charge states, and chemical properties. This technique enables precise molecular identification and manipulation for advanced chemical research.

Keywords:
AFMSTMatomic manipulationmolecules on surfaceson-surface synthesis

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Area of Science:

  • Surface Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Molecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Conventional methods struggle with detailed single-molecule analysis.
  • Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) offers unprecedented resolution for molecular studies.
  • Ultrahigh vacuum and low temperatures are crucial for isolating and probing individual molecules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advancements in high-resolution SPM for molecular identification and characterization.
  • To highlight the capabilities of SPM in determining molecular structure, conformation, and electronic properties.
  • To discuss the future challenges and applications of SPM in chemistry.

Main Methods:

  • Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) with CO-functionalized tips for atomic resolution imaging.
  • Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) for mapping molecular frontier orbitals.
  • Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) for visualizing electric charge distribution.

Main Results:

  • Atomic-resolution imaging of single molecules, including adsorption geometry and bond-order.
  • Mapping of molecular frontier orbital densities and charge distributions.
  • Demonstrated capability for atom manipulation and inducing chemical reactions.

Conclusions:

  • High-resolution SPM, particularly with functionalized tips, is a powerful tool for identifying and characterizing individual molecules.
  • SPM offers unique applications in chemistry, surpassing conventional methods for molecular structure elucidation.
  • Future advancements in SPM will further expand its utility in natural product identification, on-surface reaction studies, and radical characterization.