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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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Piecewise defined functions are mathematical models where different expressions define a function over distinct intervals of the domain. These functions are useful for representing systems with varying behaviors depending on input values.For example, the function:  uses a linear rule for inputs less than or equal to –1 and a quadratic rule for values greater than –1. Although it has two formulas, it still defines a single function.Another common type is the absolute value...
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A relation is a function if each input x is associated with exactly one output y. For example, the equation      y = 2x + 5 defines a function because every value of x yields a unique y. However, x = y² + 1 is not a function of x, since a single x-value, such as x = 2, corresponds to two possible y-values: y = 1 and y = -1.The vertical line test helps determine whether a graph represents a function. If a vertical line intersects a curve more than once, the curve fails...
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A stem cell is an unspecialized cell that can divide without limit as needed and can, under specific conditions, differentiate into specialized cells.
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Defining Adult Stem Cells by Function, not by Phenotype.

Hans Clevers1, Fiona M Watt2

  • 1Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands;

Annual Review of Biochemistry
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The study challenges the traditional view of a single, transplantable hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) as the sole source of blood cell replenishment. It proposes focusing on stem cell function—an organ's ability to replace lost cells—across various tissues.

Keywords:
adult stem cellasymmetric divisionneutral competitionquiescenceself-renewaltissue maintenance

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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Hematopoiesis
  • Tissue regeneration

Background:

  • The classical hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) paradigm posits that a discrete, transplantable HSC exclusively maintains blood cell numbers.
  • This model has been a template in stem cell biology, but identifying similar professional stem cells in other tissues has proven difficult.
  • An open approach suggests shifting focus from a physical stem cell entity to stem cell function, defined as an organ's capacity for cell replacement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-evaluate the concept of stem cells beyond the hematopoietic system.
  • To explore stem cell function as a unifying principle for tissue renewal.
  • To compare renewal strategies across different organs and the hematopoietic system.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of tissue renewal mechanisms.
  • Review of existing literature on stem cell biology in various organs.
  • Discussion of shared and distinct signaling pathways in stem cell systems.

Main Results:

  • The search for rare, hardwired professional stem cells has been largely unsuccessful in most tissues outside the hematopoietic system.
  • Stem cell function, defined as the ability of an organ to replace lost cells, offers an alternative framework.
  • Renewal strategies vary between steady-state conditions and tissue repair.
  • Shared signaling pathways exist, but no universal principles govern all tissue renewal.

Conclusions:

  • The traditional hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) paradigm may not universally apply to all tissue renewal.
  • Stem cell function, rather than a specific cell type, is a more encompassing concept for tissue regeneration.
  • Diverse tissues exhibit unique renewal mechanisms, despite sharing some fundamental signaling pathways.