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Related Concept Videos

The Electromagnetic Spectrum02:37

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

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The electromagnetic spectrum consists of all the types of electromagnetic radiation arranged according to their frequency and wavelength. Each of the various colors of visible light has specific frequencies and wavelengths associated with them, and you can see that visible light makes up only a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Because the technologies developed to work in various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are different, for reasons of convenience and historical...
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The Electromagnetic Spectrum01:24

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

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Electromagnetic waves are categorized according to their wavelengths and frequencies, giving the electromagnetic spectrum. These waves are classified as radio, infrared, ultraviolet, etc. Radio waves refer to electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from millimeters to kilometers. Radio waves are commonly used for audio communications (i.e., radios) and typically result from an alternating current in the wires of a broadcast antenna. They cover a broad wavelength range and are used...
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IR Spectrum01:19

IR Spectrum

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When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
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Mass Spectrum01:23

Mass Spectrum

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A mass spectrum is the graphical representation of the relative abundance of the charged fragments in an analyte plotted against their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). The plot's x-axis represents the ratio of the mass of the charged fragment to the number of charges it carries. The y axis of the plot represents the relative abundance of each charged species. The relative abundance is calculated from the signal intensity of each charged species recorded at the detector. The most intense signal (the...
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UV–Vis Spectrum01:30

UV–Vis Spectrum

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When light passes through a substance, a portion of the light is absorbed while the remaining light is reflected or transmitted. If the molecule absorbs light between the wavelengths of 180–400 nm range, the UV spectrum is obtained, and if it absorbs light in the 400–780 nm wavelength range, the visible spectrum is obtained.     
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Mass Spectrum: Interpretation01:24

Mass Spectrum: Interpretation

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An unknown compound can be established by identifying the molecular ion peak in the mass spectrum. The molecular ion peak is often weak or absent due to the predominance of fragmentation in high-energy electron beams. In such cases, a soft-energy electron beam can be used to scan the spectrum to enhance the intensity of the molecular ion peak. Additionally, chemical ionization, field ionization, and desorption ionization spectra are used to obtain a relatively intense molecular ion peak.To...
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Related Experiment Video

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Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
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Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Multisensory cortical processing and dysfunction across the neuropsychiatric spectrum.

Betty E Hornix1, Robbert Havekes1, Martien J H Kas1

  • 1Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
|March 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sensory processing deficits in neuropsychiatric disorders are linked to genetic and environmental influences on brain development. Understanding neurodevelopmental trajectories and synaptic plasticity is key to addressing these conditions.

Keywords:
Autism spectrum disorderGeneticsMultisensory integrationNeural circuitsNeurodevelopmentNeuropsychiatric disordersSchizophreniaSensory processingSynaptic plasticityTherapeutic windows

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Sensory processing is impaired in neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders.
  • Genetic and environmental factors shape brain circuitry crucial for sensory information processing and behavior.
  • The developing brain is sensitive to intrinsic and extrinsic factors during critical neurodevelopmental periods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the neurodevelopmental trajectory of sensory circuit development.
  • To relate sensory circuit development to risk gene mutations found in neuropsychiatric disorders.
  • To explain sensory information flow and its relationship to synaptic plasticity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of neurodevelopmental trajectories of sensory circuits.
  • Analysis of risk gene mutations impacting sensory processing.
  • Description of sensory information flow and synaptic plasticity mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Disturbed gene expression during critical periods can lead to aberrant brain plasticity in sensory circuits.
  • Early-life sensory stimulation influences the fine-tuning of these circuits.
  • Specific risk gene mutations are associated with altered sensory processing.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the interplay between neurodevelopment, gene mutations, and sensory processing is vital.
  • Combined analysis of neural circuit development and function is necessary to elucidate sensory processing deficits.
  • This research contributes to understanding behavioral deficits across the neuropsychiatric spectrum.