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Related Concept Videos

Finding Electric Potential From Electric Field01:13

Finding Electric Potential From Electric Field

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For a system of charges, it is easy to calculate the system's potential because potential is a scalar quantity. However, in some instances where calculating the electric field is more straightforward than finding the potential, the electric field is used to calculate the system's potential. For a positive charge, the electric field is radially outward, and the potential is positive at any finite distance from the positive charge. In such an electric field, the motion away from the...
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Determining Electric Field From Electric Potential01:12

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The electric field and electric potential are related to each other. If the electric field at various points in the region of interest is known, it can be used to calculate the electric potential difference between any two points. Similarly, if the electric potential is known for various points, then it is possible to calculate the electric field.
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When an electric field accelerates a free positive charge, it acquires kinetic energy. This process is analogous to an object being accelerated by a gravitational field as if the charge were going down an electrical hill where its electric potential energy is converted into kinetic energy, although, of course, the sources of the forces are very different. The electrostatic or Coulomb force acting on the positive test charge is conservative, which means that the work done on a test charge is...
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Electrical Systems01:21

Electrical Systems

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In electrical engineering, the analysis of networks composed of passive linear components — resistors (R), capacitors (C), and inductors (L) — is fundamental. These components are organized into circuits where the relationship between input and output can be analyzed using transfer functions. The transfer function of an RLC circuit, which relates the voltage across a capacitor to the input voltage, can be derived using Kirchhoff's laws.
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Electric Charges01:11

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From lightning during thunderstorms to electronic devices, the phenomenon of electromagnetism is all around us. The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature. It has been known to humanity in various forms for thousands of years. For example, the ancient Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus recorded his experiments on static electricity using amber and fur in the sixth century BC.
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Consider two point charges, each exerting Coulomb force on the other. It is possible to describe the Coulomb interaction via an intermediate step by defining a new physical quantity called the electric field.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Study Design for Navigated Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Speech Cortical Mapping
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A Guide for Cortical Electrical Stimulation Mapping.

Elson L So1, Abdulrahman Alwaki

  • 1Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A.

Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society
|March 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This guide details electrical stimulation mapping (ESM) for brain surgery, offering best practices for optimizing results and minimizing risks like seizures during this crucial neurosurgical procedure.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Neurophysiology
  • Medical Device Technology

Background:

  • Electrical stimulation mapping (ESM) is vital for guiding brain surgeries, particularly for epilepsy and tumor resections.
  • Optimizing ESM requires careful consideration of numerous influencing factors to ensure procedural success and accurate interpretation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To collate existing data and experiences to create a comprehensive guide for conducting effective ESM procedures.
  • To provide recommendations for adjusting stimulation parameters within safe limits to enhance ESM yield.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of available literature and clinical experiences related to ESM.
  • Development of tailored procedural guidelines considering patient-specific factors (age, cognitive capacity).
  • Identification of measures to mitigate risks such as stimulation-induced seizures and EEG afterdischarges.

Main Results:

  • ESM success is influenced by various factors, necessitating personalized adjustments to stimulation parameters.
  • Specific protocols can reduce the incidence of seizures and afterdischarges, improving result interpretability.
  • Accurate interpretation relies on understanding electrode-brain spatial relationships and differentiating responses from various brain areas.

Conclusions:

  • A multidisciplinary team with expertise in operating equipment, administering tests, and interpreting neurophysiological responses is essential for successful ESM.
  • Recognizing nuances like negative motor responses is critical to avoid misinterpretations, especially in language mapping during neurosurgery.