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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Exocrine Glands: Unicellular and Multicellular Glands01:29

Exocrine Glands: Unicellular and Multicellular Glands

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Exocrine glands are classified as unicellular and multicellular. The unicellular glands are scattered single cells, such as goblet cells, found in the mucous membranes of the small and large intestines. On the other hand, multicellular exocrine glands develop as secretory sheets, like the internal lining of the abdomen or chest. Such secretory sheets release their secretions directly into the lumen of these organs. In addition, some multicellular glands have deep-seated secretory units to...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

11.0K
The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Orthodontists and the thyroid gland.

Keith Godfrey

    Australian Orthodontic Journal
    |March 7, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Orthodontists may not fully grasp the risks of thyroid radiation exposure from extra-oral radiography. Applying the ALARA principle is crucial to minimize cumulative radiation effects in young patients.

    Area of Science:

    • Dental Radiology
    • Radiation Protection
    • Public Health

    Background:

    • Extra-oral radiography is frequently used in orthodontics.
    • Concerns exist regarding patient exposure to ionizing radiation, particularly from routine dental imaging.
    • The thyroid gland is notably sensitive to radiation exposure.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate orthodontists' understanding of radiation risks associated with extra-oral radiography.
    • To assess the application of the ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) principle in orthodontic imaging practices.
    • To highlight the importance of minimizing cumulative radiation exposure in pediatric patients.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review on radiation risks and orthodontic imaging guidelines.
    • Analysis of current practices in extra-oral radiography prescription.

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  • Assessment of ALARA principle implementation in clinical decision-making.

    • Main Results:

    • Evidence suggests a potential gap in orthodontists' full appreciation of thyroid radiation risks.
    • Inconsistent application of the ALARA principle was observed in the selection of radiographic options.
    • Young patients may be subjected to cumulative radiation exposure without adequate risk mitigation.

    Conclusions:

    • Orthodontists need enhanced awareness regarding the specific risks of thyroid gland exposure from extra-oral radiography.
    • Stricter adherence to and better understanding of the ALARA principle are necessary to optimize radiation protection in orthodontics.
    • Further research and educational initiatives are warranted to ensure patient safety and minimize unnecessary radiation exposure in dental radiography.