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Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new combined outcrossing rate for seed plants, accounting for pollen and ovule fertility variations. This model better reflects successful gamete contributions to reproduction and population dynamics.

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Area of Science:

Population Genetics
Plant Reproductive Biology
Evolutionary Ecology

Background:

Traditional outcrossing rate estimates in seed plants often neglect variations in pollen fertility.
Evidence suggests pollen fertility can differ significantly from ovule fertility, impacting reproductive success.
Hermaphroditic plants exhibit unequal male and female functioning due to fertility variations.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose a novel combined ovule and pollen outcrossing rate based on successful gametes.
To define and analyze 'functional sex' as a measure of female reproductive contribution.
To investigate the frequency-dependent nature of these rates and their implications for population dynamics.

Main Methods:

Development of a new combined outcrossing rate incorporating successful ovule and pollen gametes.
Definition of 'functional sex' as the proportion of successful ovules among all successful gametes.
Utilized a one-locus, two-allele genetic model with dominance to study male/female resource allocation and its impact on outcrossing rates and population dynamics.

Main Results:

The combined outcrossing rate is influenced by pollen fertility, with higher pollen fertility leading to a greater rate.
In polymorphic populations, genotypic combined outcrossing rates increase with the frequency of more ovule-fertile phenotypes.
Functional sex increases, while fitness decreases, with the frequency of more pollen-fertile phenotypes when ovule selfing rate is less than 1.

Conclusions:

The proposed combined outcrossing rate and functional sex provide a more accurate measure of reproductive success in plants with variable gamete fertility.
Resource allocation strategies significantly influence population dynamics, potentially leading to polymorphism even with dominance.
Mean population fitness can decrease with selection, and equilibrium populations show specific relationships between outcrossing rates, functional sex, and selfing rates.