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    Area of Science:

    • Laser Physics
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Passively harmonic mode-locking is crucial for high-repetition-rate lasers.
    • Thulium (Tm) lasers operating at 2µm are valuable for various applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate and achieve stable passively harmonic mode-locking in a 2µm Tm: CaYAlO4 laser.
    • To characterize the generated dissipative pulses, repetition rates, and spectral properties.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a 2µm Tm: CaYAlO4 laser system.
    • Investigated operation at both high and low intracavity intensities.
    • Employed a SESAM (Semiconductor Saturable Absorber Mirror) for mode-locking.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved stable 1st to 5th-order passively harmonic mode-locking with a fundamental repetition rate of ~198 MHz, reaching up to 0.98 GHz.
    • Observed tunable central wavelengths from 1940nm to 1950nm with a narrow optical spectrum bandwidth of 60 pm.
    • Demonstrated watt-level output average power (up to 1.15 W) in SESAM-guided mode-locking.

    Conclusions:

    • This study reports the first observation of passively harmonic mode-locking in a 2µm solid-state laser system.
    • Achieved the first watt-level output average power in a Tm: CYA mode-locking laser, demonstrating significant advancements.