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Sub-parts-per-billion CO₂ Detection based on Dissipative Whispering Gallery Mode Microcavity Sensor.

Shujing Ruan¹, Guangzhen Gao¹, Jianing Zhang¹

¹College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China.

Nature Communications

|July 3, 2026

Summary

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This study introduces a new dissipative sensing method for whispering gallery mode microcavities, enabling sensitive trace gas detection. The technique converts gas absorption into measurable resonance depth variations, offering a promising approach for compact gas sensors.

Area of Science:

Photonics and optical sensing
Trace gas detection technologies
Microcavity physics

Background:

Whispering gallery mode (WGM) microcavities offer strong light-matter interactions for sensing applications.
Conventional dispersive sensing methods using WGM microcavities are limited by small refractive index changes for trace gas detection.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate a novel dissipative sensing mechanism for trace gas detection using non-functionalized WGM microcavities.
To overcome the limitations of conventional dispersive sensing in WGM microcavities for gas analysis.

Main Methods:

Utilizing a dissipative sensing mechanism that converts optical absorption into resonance depth variations.
Employing thermally induced dissipation within the microcavity.

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Quantitatively measuring carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations.

Main Results:

Achieved quantitative CO2 detection over a concentration range of 1.5 to 400 parts per million (ppm) with R² > 0.99.
Demonstrated a low detection limit of 168 parts per trillion (ppt) with a 400-second integration time.
Reported high accuracy of approximately 0.4% and stable sensor operation under ambient conditions.

Conclusions:

Dissipative microcavity sensing is a viable and promising approach for highly sensitive trace gas detection.
This method enables the development of compact, low-cost gas sensors.
The technique offers an alternative to conventional dispersive sensing for environmental monitoring and industrial applications.