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Related Concept Videos

What is a Frequency Distribution00:51

What is a Frequency Distribution

27.8K
A frequency is the number of times a value of the data occurs. The sum of all the frequency values represents the total number of students included in the sample. It is commonly used to group data of quantitative types. Frequency distributions can be displayed in a table, histogram, line graph, dot plot, or pie chart, just to name a few. A histogram is a graphical representation of tabulated frequencies, shown as adjacent rectangles, erected over discrete intervals (bins), with an area equal to...
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Mean From a Frequency Distribution01:11

Mean From a Frequency Distribution

23.1K
Sometimes, data gathered from an experiment on a large sample or population are organized into concise tables. In such cases, the frequency of the quantitative data set is plotted in the form of a table. Or else, the data values are grouped into the quantity’s intervals, which form classes, and their respective frequencies are known. That is, the data values are distributed over different categories or classes. This is known as frequency distribution.
When such a data set is encountered,...
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Construction of Frequency Distribution01:15

Construction of Frequency Distribution

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A frequency distribution table can be constructed using the steps given below.
First, make a table with two columns—one with the title of the data that needs to be organized, and the other column for frequency. [Draw a third column for tally marks if needed]. Then, take a look at the items given in the data set and decide if an ungrouped frequency distribution table or a grouped frequency distribution table would be more suitable. If there are large sets of different values, then it is...
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Percentage Frequency Distribution00:57

Percentage Frequency Distribution

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A percentage frequency distribution, in general, is a display of data that indicates the percentage of observations for each data point or grouping of data points. It is a commonly used method for expressing the relative frequency of survey responses and other data. The percentage frequency distributions are often displayed as bar graphs, pie charts, or tables.
The process of making a percentage frequency distribution involves the following few steps: note the total number of observations;...
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Relative Frequency Distribution00:55

Relative Frequency Distribution

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A relative frequency distribution is the proportion or fraction of times a value occurs in a data set. To find the relative frequencies, one can divide each frequency by the total number of data points in the sample. It is very similar to a regular frequency distribution, except that instead of reporting how many data values fall in a class, a relative frequency distribution reports the fraction of data values that fall in a class. These fractions or proportions are called relative frequencies...
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Cumulative Frequency Distribution01:04

Cumulative Frequency Distribution

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A cumulative frequency distribution is another type of frequency distribution. Instead of reporting how many data values fall in some classes, it reports how many data values are contained in either that class or any class to its left. Technically, it means the sum of frequencies of the class and all the classes below it in a frequency distribution. A cumulative frequency is calculated by adding the frequency of each class lower than the corresponding class interval or category. In general, a...
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Characterizing Far-infrared Laser Emissions and the Measurement of Their Frequencies
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Multi-terahertz frequency sweeps for high-resolution, frequency-modulated continuous wave ladar using a distributed

Thomas DiLazaro, George Nehmetallah

    Optics Express
    |March 10, 2018
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study introduces a novel swept-wavelength reflectometry technique using a 12-element semiconductor laser array for continuous frequency sweeps. This method achieves high-resolution absolute distance measurements with enhanced precision.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Metrology
    • Semiconductor Lasers

    Background:

    • Swept-wavelength reflectometry offers advantages in sensitivity and bandwidth over pulsed time-of-flight methods.
    • Existing tunable laser sources often have limitations like short coherence lengths or mechanical tuning.
    • Semiconductor distributed feedback (DFB) lasers are suitable for swept sources due to narrow linewidths and current-tunability.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a novel bandwidth generation technique for swept-wavelength reflectometry.
    • To create a continuous, gap-free frequency sweep using a compact DFB laser array.
    • To demonstrate high-resolution absolute distance measurements.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a compact, monolithic 12-element DFB laser array.
    • Sequentially swept each DFB over 3.5 nm at 1,600 THz/s using shaped current pulses.
    • Ensured spectral overlap between DFB elements for a continuous sweep.
    • Combined self-heterodyned return signatures.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved an effectively continuous, gap-free frequency sweep of 43.6 nm.
    • Demonstrated a transform-limited resolution of approximately 27.4 μm in air.
    • Obtained a measurement precision of 0.18 μm at a distance of 1.4 m.

    Conclusions:

    • The novel DFB array technique enables continuous spectral sweeps for enhanced reflectometry.
    • This approach overcomes limitations of traditional tunable lasers.
    • The method provides high-resolution, precise absolute distance measurements.