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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

An Allele-specific Gene Expression Assay to Test the Functional Basis of Genetic Associations
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The association between executive functioning and psychopathology: general or specific?

A J P Bloemen1, A J Oldehinkel1, O M Laceulle2

  • 1University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, Groningen, The Netherlands.

Psychological Medicine
|March 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Executive function (EF) impairments are transdiagnostic, crossing multiple psychopathology domains. Specific EF deficits are linked to general psychopathology and distinct conditions like ADHD, ASD, and internalizing problems.

Keywords:
Executive functioninggeneral psychopathologypsychiatric domains

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Executive function (EF) impairments are studied for their role in psychopathology.
  • Research aims to determine if EF deficits are transdiagnostic or specific to certain syndromes.
  • The relationship between general or specific EF and psychopathology requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if executive function (EF) impairments are transdiagnostic or linked to individual psychopathology syndromes.
  • To examine associations between general EF and specific EF impairments with psychopathology.
  • To explore the relationship between EF and diverse psychopathology domains simultaneously.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized bi-factor models to analyze psychopathology and executive function (EF) data from the Tracking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (N = 2230).
  • Assessed psychopathology via parent-report questionnaires (ages 11-19) and EF using standardized tasks (ages 11, 19).
  • Employed confirmatory factor analysis and correlation estimations to analyze associations between psychopathology and EF components.

Main Results:

  • Bi-factor models adequately fit data for general psychopathology (including internalizing, externalizing, ADHD, ASD) and general/specific EF.
  • Specific EFs showed significant associations with the general psychopathology factor.
  • Distinct patterns of EF impairments were associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and internalizing problems.

Conclusions:

  • Executive function (EF) impairments demonstrate transdiagnostic characteristics across diverse psychopathology domains.
  • Specific EF deficits are associated with general psychopathology and exhibit unique profiles for ADHD, ASD, and internalizing symptomatology.
  • Transdiagnostic EF impairments may explain inconsistent findings in the literature; further research is needed on general vs. specific EF relationships with psychopathology.