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    This study introduces a new near-infrared imaging (NIRI) method that overcomes diffuse optical tomography (DOT) limitations. The technique offers efficient, stable subsurface imaging for practical applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical optics
    • Medical imaging
    • Photonics

    Background:

    • Near-infrared imaging (NIRI) offers sub-surface imaging but faces accuracy trade-offs with penetration depth.
    • Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) images deeper tissues but suffers from reconstruction instability due to inverse problem complexities.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a generalized continuous-wave technique for near-infrared imaging (NIRI) of objects with dimensions comparable to DOT.
    • To address the stability issues inherent in DOT reconstruction by proposing an alternative imaging approach.

    Main Methods:

    • A nonlinear Rosenbrock's banana function is employed to approximate photon paths and determine channel penetration depth.
    • Absorption changes are calculated and back-projected along curved paths, bypassing the need to solve the inverse problem for image reconstruction.

    Main Results:

    • Numerical simulations and experimental validations on phantoms, finger joints, and apples demonstrate the method's imaging potential.
    • The proposed technique achieves reconstruction without the inverse problem, enhancing stability and reliability.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed NIRI method is computationally efficient, reliable, and simple, making it suitable for real-time applications.
    • This approach provides a viable alternative to DOT for subsurface imaging, particularly for objects in the 4-6 cm range.