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Related Concept Videos

Seed Structure and Early Development of the Sporophyte02:33

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Seed structures are composed of a protective seed coat surrounding a plant embryo, and a food store for the developing embryo. The embryo contains the precursor tissues for leaves, stem, and roots. The endosperm and cotyledons—seed leaves—act as the food reserves for the growing embryo.
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Sporulation is a complex developmental process that allows certain Gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis and Clostridium species, to survive extreme environmental conditions. This process is tightly regulated by a series of signaling cascades and transcriptional controls, ensuring the formation of a highly resistant endospore.Sporulation is triggered by unfavorable conditions, such as nutrient depletion, and is governed by a phosphorelay system. One of the sensor kinases, such as...
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Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Preparation of Intact Tissue for Microscopic Analysis of the Endosperm Cell Layer in Developing and Mature Arabidopsis Seeds
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FERTILIZATION-INDEPENDENT SEED-Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 Plays a Dual Role in Regulating Type I MADS-Box Genes in

Shanshan Zhang1, Dongfang Wang2, Huajian Zhang3

  • 1School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721.

Plant Physiology
|March 11, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The FERTILIZATION-INDEPENDENT SEED (FIS)-Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) regulates early endosperm development in Arabidopsis. FIS-PRC2 represses C2 type I MADS-box genes, controlling cellularization and imprinting.

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Determination of DNA Methylation of Imprinted Genes in Arabidopsis Endosperm
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 13, 2026

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Determination of DNA Methylation of Imprinted Genes in Arabidopsis Endosperm
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Determination of DNA Methylation of Imprinted Genes in Arabidopsis Endosperm

Published on: January 28, 2011

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Early endosperm development in Arabidopsis involves differential epigenetic modifications between maternal and paternal genomes.
  • The FERTILIZATION-INDEPENDENT SEED (FIS)-Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) is crucial for endosperm development, regulating coenocytic growth and cellularization.
  • Type I MADS-box genes are known regulators of early endosperm development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of the FIS-PRC2 complex in regulating the type I MADS-box gene family during Arabidopsis endosperm development.
  • To understand how FIS-PRC2 influences the expression patterns and epigenetic regulation of C2 genes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of C2 gene expression domains in wild-type Arabidopsis endosperm.
  • Assessment of C2 gene expression in FIS-PRC2 mutant backgrounds using allele-specific expression analysis.
  • Investigation of maternal and paternal imprinting of C2 genes.

Main Results:

  • A subclass of type I MADS-box genes (C2 genes) exhibited distinct expression domains in wild-type coenocytic endosperm.
  • C2 genes were predominantly biallelically up-regulated in the FIS-PRC2 mutant during the extended coenocytic phase.
  • FIS-PRC2-dependent maternal imprinting and FIS-PRC2-independent paternal imprinting were identified in a subset of C2 genes.

Conclusions:

  • The FIS-PRC2 complex plays a dual role in regulating C2 type I MADS-box genes.
  • FIS-PRC2 generally represses C2 gene expression in both alleles, contributing to endosperm cellularization.
  • FIS-PRC2 has a specialized role in silencing the maternal allele of imprinted C2 genes.