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The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...
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Complement in stem cells and development.

Owen A Hawksworth1, Liam G Coulthard2, Susanna Mantovani3

  • 1School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.

Seminars in Immunology
|March 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The complement system, initially known for immunity, also regulates stem cell functions. This review explores its diverse roles in embryonic and adult stem cell development and regeneration.

Keywords:
BlastocystComplement activationOrganogenesisPlacentaProgenitor cellsStem cells

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology

Background:

  • The complement system is a critical component of the immune system, mediating innate and adaptive immune responses.
  • Recent discoveries reveal diverse non-immune functions for complement proteins.
  • These functions extend to regulating stem cell populations throughout development and in adult physiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted roles of the complement system in physiological cell processes.
  • To highlight the involvement of complement in stem cell populations during development and in adult physiology.
  • To underscore the broad and potentially underestimated reach of complement proteins in non-immune systems.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of complement system functions.
  • Analysis of studies on complement's role in embryonic and adult stem cells.
  • Synthesis of research on complement's involvement in developmental and regenerative processes.

Main Results:

  • Complement proteins regulate key aspects of stem cell biology, including proliferation, differentiation, survival, and regeneration.
  • During development, complement influences stem cell localization, tissue morphogenesis, and brain development.
  • In adult stem cells, complement is implicated in maintaining tissue homeostasis and repair.

Conclusions:

  • The complement system plays a significant role in controlling physiological cell processes beyond immunity.
  • Its functions in stem cell regulation are crucial for both development and adult tissue maintenance.
  • Further research is warranted to fully elucidate the extensive non-immune roles of complement proteins.