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Gene Golden Age paradox and its partial solution.

A E Vinogradov1, O V Anatskaya1

  • 1Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia.

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Summary

Primates exhibit stronger purifying selection on genes related to gene expression and development, unlike rodents and treeshrews. This focus on "information technology" may explain their complex organization and longevity.

Keywords:
Biological processesComplexityHumanInformation modulesLifespanMole-ratsMolecular pathwaysPrimatesPurifying selectionRodentsTreeshrew

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Larger organisms often have weaker purifying selection due to smaller population sizes, leading to more deleterious mutations.
  • Understanding how selection pressures vary across species with different life histories is crucial for evolutionary insights.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the redistribution of purifying selection across different gene categories in primates compared to treeshrews and rodents.
  • To identify specific gene functions and cellular locations that are under differential selective pressure.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide analysis was employed to compare patterns of purifying selection.
  • Genes were categorized based on their functions (e.g., gene expression, metabolism) and cellular localization (nucleus, cytoplasm, membranes).

Main Results:

  • Primates show a stronger bias of purifying selection towards genes involved in gene expression regulation and development.
  • In contrast, treeshrews and rodents exhibit stronger purifying selection on genes related to metabolism, transport, energetics, reproduction, and olfaction.
  • Genes favored in primates are predominantly nuclear, while those favored in treeshrews and rodents are mainly cytoplasmic and membrane-associated.

Conclusions:

  • Despite weaker average purifying selection in primates, it is more concentrated on essential "information technology" processes.
  • Enhanced accuracy in information processing likely enables primates to overcome challenges associated with larger body size, complexity, and longer lifespans.
  • This suggests a trade-off where selection prioritizes informational integrity in larger, longer-lived species.