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Related Concept Videos

Ions as Acids and Bases02:54

Ions as Acids and Bases

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Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
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Photoluminescence: Fluorescence and Phosphorescence01:23

Photoluminescence: Fluorescence and Phosphorescence

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Photoluminescence is a process where a molecule absorbs light energy and re-emits it in the form of light. This phenomenon occurs when a substance absorbs photons, promoting its electrons to higher energy level excited states, followed by a relaxation process in which the electrons return to their original ground state energy levels and emit light. Photoluminescence is widely observed in various materials, including semiconductors, and organic and inorganic compounds.
A pair of electrons in a...
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Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy01:29

Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy

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Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS) is an analytical technique that involves the electronic transitions of atoms in a flame, furnace, or plasma being excited by electromagnetic (EM) radiation. When these atoms absorb energy, they become excited and subsequently release energy as they return to their original state. This emitted light, or "fluorescence," is observed at a right angle to the incident beam. Both absorption and emission processes transpire at distinct wavelengths, which...
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Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy01:16

Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

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Confocal microscopy is an advanced microscopic technique. The prime advantage of the confocal microscope over other microscopy techniques is its ability to block the out-of-focus light from the illuminated samples using pinholes. It is widely used with fluorescence optics to obtain high-resolution, sharp contrast images. Unlike optical microscopes, confocal microscopes use a focused beam of light laser to scan the entire sample surface at different z-planes. These microscopes are, therefore,...
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Variables Affecting Phosphorescence and Fluorescence01:26

Variables Affecting Phosphorescence and Fluorescence

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Fluorescence and phosphorescence are essential phenomena in fields like analytical chemistry, biological imaging, and materials science, where they detect molecular properties and visualize cellular structures. Understanding the variables that influence these luminescent behaviors is crucial for maximizing accuracy and efficiency in their applications. These variables can broadly be grouped into chemical structure, solvent properties, and external conditions, each playing a distinct role in...
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Fluorescence and Phosphorescence: Instrumentation01:25

Fluorescence and Phosphorescence: Instrumentation

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Fluorometers and spectrofluorometers are two types of instruments used for measuring molecular fluorescence. These instruments differ in how they select excitation and emission wavelengths and the type of light sources they utilize. Fluorometers use absorption interference filters to choose excitation and emission wavelengths. The excitation source in a fluorometer is typically a low-pressure mercury vapor lamp that emits intense lines distributed throughout the ultraviolet and visible regions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Synthesis of Stimuli-responsive Nanogels using Aqueous One-step Crosslinking and Co-nanopolymerization
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Highly photostable nanogels for fluorescence-based theranostics.

Dipendra Gyawali1, Jimin P Kim2, Jian Yang2

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76010.

Bioactive Materials
|March 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Novel fluorescent nanogels offer a promising theranostic platform. These biodegradable, photo-crosslinkable nanoparticles enable targeted cancer drug delivery and real-time monitoring, significantly inducing cancer cell death.

Keywords:
Fluorescent polymerNanogelsbioconjugationcellular imagingdrug delivery

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Theranostics

Background:

  • Developing advanced materials for targeted drug delivery is crucial for effective cancer therapy.
  • Biodegradable and biocompatible nanocarriers with imaging capabilities are highly sought after for theranostic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel photo-crosslinkable, fluorescent nanogels for theranostic applications.
  • To evaluate the drug delivery efficiency, targeting capability, and therapeutic efficacy of the developed nanogels in prostate cancer cells.

Main Methods:

  • Solvent- and surfactant-free one-pot synthesis of nanogels from biocompatible monomers (citric acid, maleic acid, L-cysteine, poly(ethylene glycol)).
  • Surface functionalization with RGD peptides and encapsulation of Doxorubicin for targeted drug delivery.
  • Characterization of nanogel size, stability, photoluminescence, and pH-responsive drug release.
  • In vitro evaluation of nanogel uptake, intracellular drug release, and cancer cell death induction.

Main Results:

  • Successfully synthesized photo-crosslinkable, fluorescent nanogels (<200 nm) with high stability in biological buffers.
  • Demonstrated pH-responsive release of Doxorubicin from RGD-functionalized nanogels in acidic conditions.
  • Confirmed targeted delivery and intracellular accumulation of drug-loaded nanogels in prostate cancer cells.
  • Showcased significant induction of cancer cell death via fluorescence-based monitoring.

Conclusions:

  • The developed nanogels are a viable platform for theranostic medicine due to their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and photo-crosslinkable nature.
  • The intrinsic fluorescence allows for real-time tracking of targeted drug delivery, enhancing therapeutic precision.
  • These nanogels show significant potential for improving cancer treatment outcomes through targeted drug delivery and monitoring.