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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions
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A graphene oxide-based polymer composite coating for highly-efficient solid phase microextraction of phenols.

Yan Liu1, Yifu Huang1, Guosheng Chen1

  • 1MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry Materials Science Institute, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.

Analytica Chimica Acta
|March 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A novel graphene oxide (GO) and polyoxyethylene (POE) composite fiber coating was developed for solid phase microextraction (SPME). This enhanced SPME method offers superior sensitivity and stability for analyzing phenols in water samples.

Keywords:
CompositeGraphene oxidePhenols detectionSolid phase microextraction

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Solid phase microextraction (SPME) sensitivity and selectivity depend heavily on fiber coating materials.
  • Graphene oxide (GO) offers high surface area and reactivity but suffers from low thermal stability.
  • Highly cross-linked polyoxyethylene (POE) enhances thermal and water resistance of composite materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel SPME fiber coating by incorporating graphene oxide (GO) with highly cross-linked polyoxyethylene (POE).
  • To evaluate the performance of the developed GO-POE composite fiber for the extraction of phenols from aqueous samples.

Main Methods:

  • A composite fiber coating was prepared using a gluing approach, combining GO and highly cross-linked POE.
  • Headspace extraction coupled with the developed SPME method was used for phenol analysis.
  • The performance was compared against commercial SPME fibers and validated using real water samples.

Main Results:

  • The GO-POE fiber exhibited a wrinkled surface, increasing accessible surface area and improving thermal/chemical stability for over 100 cycles.
  • The method demonstrated excellent extraction efficiencies for phenols, with low detection limits (0.12-1.36 ng·L⁻¹).
  • High precision (<8.4%), repeatability (3.1%-8.1%), wide linear range (5-1000 ng·L⁻¹), and enrichment factors (172-1752) were achieved.

Conclusions:

  • The novel GO-POE composite fiber coating significantly enhances SPME performance for phenol analysis.
  • The developed method is robust, repeatable, and suitable for simultaneous analysis of phenols in real water samples with satisfactory recoveries (81-113%).