Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Neuronal Communication

Neuronal Communication

Neurons, the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, communicate through complex electrochemical signals that underpin all cognitive and bodily functions. This communication is primarily facilitated by a process involving the generation and propagation of an action potential along the axon of the neuron. When the internal electrical charge of a neuron surpasses a certain threshold, an action potential is triggered. This rapid change in voltage travels swiftly along the axon to the...

Neurons: The Axon

Neurons: The Axon

Axons are long, cytoplasmic processes of nerve cells capable of propagating electrical impulses known as action potentials. The cytoplasm or axoplasm of an axon contains neurofibrils, neurotubules, small vesicles, lysosomes, mitochondria, and various enzymes, all encased within the axolemma, the plasma membrane of the axon.
The axon attaches to the cell body at a cone-shaped elevation called the axon hillock. The initial part of the axon, closest to the hillock, is known as the initial segment....

Neuron Structure

Neuron Structure

Neuron Structure

Neuron Structure

Neurons are the main type of cell in the nervous system that generate and transmit electrochemical signals. They primarily communicate with each other using neurotransmitters at specific junctions called synapses. Neurons come in many shapes that often relate to their function, but most share three main structures: an axon and dendrites that extend out from a cell body.
Structure and Function of Neurons
The neuronal cell body—the soma— houses the nucleus and organelles vital to...

Adrenergic Neurons: Neurotransmission

Adrenergic Neurons: Neurotransmission

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers (except those supplying the sweat glands) releasing noradrenaline or norepinephrine are called noradrenergic or adrenergic neurons. Noradrenaline, dopamine, adrenaline, or epinephrine are collectively called "catecholamines" as they contain a catechol moiety and an amine side chain. The five stages of neurotransmitter release involve their synthesis, storage, release, reuptake and metabolism.
Synthesis: Catecholamine synthesis requires tyrosine, which...

Cholinergic Neurons: Neurotransmission

Cholinergic Neurons: Neurotransmission

Cholinergic neurotransmission involves the synthesis and the release of acetylcholine (ACh) in order to transmit nerve impulses across the synapse. The process begins with the synthesis of acetyl CoA, a precursor for ACh, from ATP, acetate, and coenzyme A in the mitochondria. Choline, another vital precursor, is transported inside the neuron through choline transporters, including high-affinity choline transporter CHT1, low-affinity choline transporter CTL1, and lower-affinity choline...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Peroxisome Staining in Mammalian Cells Using Peroxisome-Specific Probes.

Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE·2026

Same author

Mapping of endosomal proximity proteomes reveals Retromer as a hub for RAB GTPase regulation.

Nature communications·2025

Same author

ROS transfer at peroxisome-mitochondria contact regulates mitochondrial redox.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2025

Same author

Peroxisome dynamics and inter-organelle interactions in neuronal health and disease.

Frontiers in molecular neuroscience·2025

Same author

Ritscher-Schinzel syndrome can be characterized as an endosomal recyclinopathy.

Science translational medicine·2025

Same author

Erratum: Sustained postsynaptic kainate receptor activation downregulates AMPA receptor surface expression and induces hippocampal LTD.

iScience·2025

Same journal

Building neuroscience capacity in low- and middle-income countries: Lessons from Ghana.

Trends in neurosciences·2026

Same journal

Emulating the periodic table: A unified list of CNS terms and abbreviations for humans and experimental animals.

Trends in neurosciences·2026

Same journal

From chromatin dynamics to brain disease: Polycomb-Trithorax mechanisms in neurodevelopment.

Trends in neurosciences·2026

Same journal

Striatum regulates the cortex via the basal forebrain cholinergic system: A role for substance P.

Trends in neurosciences·2026

Same journal

A large brain adds new types of neurons: Molecular and functional signatures of spindle neurons in the human neocortex.

Trends in neurosciences·2026

Same journal

Exercise as a regulator of glymphatic function.

Trends in neurosciences·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

In Vitro SUMOylation Assay to Study SUMO E3 Ligase Activity

In Vitro SUMOylation Assay to Study SUMO E3 Ligase Activity

Published on: January 29, 2018

Extranuclear SUMOylation in Neurons.

Jeremy M Henley¹, Ruth E Carmichael¹, Kevin A Wilkinson¹

¹School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.

Trends in Neurosciences

|March 14, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

SUMOylation, a protein modification, regulates cellular processes. Extranuclear SUMOylation impacts neuronal function and disease, with future research focusing on synaptic and mitochondrial proteins.

Keywords:

AMPA receptor SUMO dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1)fission kainate receptor mitochondria post-translational modification synapse

More Related Videos

In Vivo Detection and Analysis of Rb Protein SUMOylation in Human Cells

In Vivo Detection and Analysis of Rb Protein SUMOylation in Human Cells

Published on: November 2, 2017

Inducing Plasticity of Astrocytic Receptors by Manipulation of Neuronal Firing Rates

Inducing Plasticity of Astrocytic Receptors by Manipulation of Neuronal Firing Rates

Published on: March 20, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 13, 2026

In Vitro SUMOylation Assay to Study SUMO E3 Ligase Activity

In Vitro SUMOylation Assay to Study SUMO E3 Ligase Activity

Published on: January 29, 2018

In Vivo Detection and Analysis of Rb Protein SUMOylation in Human Cells

In Vivo Detection and Analysis of Rb Protein SUMOylation in Human Cells

Published on: November 2, 2017

Inducing Plasticity of Astrocytic Receptors by Manipulation of Neuronal Firing Rates

Inducing Plasticity of Astrocytic Receptors by Manipulation of Neuronal Firing Rates

Published on: March 20, 2014

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Molecular Biology
Biochemistry

Background:

Post-translational modification by SUMOylation regulates cellular processes.
Extranuclear SUMOylation influences synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and stress responses.
Altered SUMOylation is linked to neurological and neurodegenerative diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advances in extranuclear SUMOylation.
To highlight the role of SUMOylation in synaptic and mitochondrial proteins.
To identify future research directions in extranuclear protein SUMOylation.

Main Methods:

Literature review focusing on extranuclear SUMOylation.
Analysis of studies on synaptic and mitochondrial protein SUMOylation.
Synthesis of current findings and future perspectives.

Main Results:

SUMOylation outside the nucleus is crucial for neuronal function.
Extranuclear SUMOylation of synaptic and mitochondrial proteins is increasingly recognized.
Dysregulated SUMOylation is implicated in neurological disorders.

Conclusions:

Extranuclear SUMOylation is vital for neuronal and synaptic regulation.
Further investigation into extranuclear SUMOylation is needed to understand neurological diseases.
Targeting extranuclear SUMOylation may offer therapeutic potential.