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The Hall Effect

The Hall Effect

Edwin H. Hall, in the year 1879, devised an experiment that could be used to identify the polarity of the predominant charge carriers in a conducting material. From a historical perspective, this experiment was the first to demonstrate that the charge carriers in most metals are negative.

Bonding in Metals

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”.

Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....

Alkali Metals

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals

Metal-Ligand Bonds

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...

Properties of Transition Metals

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.

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In situ Photo-rheology Monitors Viscoelastic Changes in Photo-responsive Polymer Networks

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Photo-induced Hall effect in metals.

D Li^1,2, A Ruotolo^3,4

¹Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.

Scientific Reports

|March 14, 2018

Summary

We demonstrate a novel photo-induced Hall effect in metals for bias-free magnetic sensing. This method overcomes limitations of semiconductor sensors by avoiding Joule heating, offering comparable sensitivity.

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Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Materials Science
Semiconductor Physics

Background:

The Hall effect is crucial for magnetic field sensing, but its application in metals is limited by small signals.
Semiconductor-based Hall sensors are standard but suffer from linearity issues due to Joule heating.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate a photo-induced Hall effect in metals for bias-free magnetic sensing.
To develop a magnetic sensing technology free from Joule heating limitations.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a Schottky contact between a transparent metal and a semiconductor.
Utilizing light to induce charge injection from the semiconductor's space charge region.
Applying a magnetic field to generate a transverse, open-circuit voltage.

Main Results:

A photo-induced Hall voltage proportional to magnetic field strength and light intensity was observed in metals.
The developed system exhibits sensitivities comparable to conventional semiconductor Hall sensors.
The absence of net current flow prevents performance degradation from Joule heating.

Conclusions:

Photo-induced Hall effect in metals offers a promising alternative for magnetic field sensing.
This approach eliminates Joule heating, enhancing linearity and stability.
The technology enables bias-free, highly sensitive magnetic detection.