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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model

Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model

Published on: September 7, 2013

Sunburn at the seaside.

Brian L Diffey¹, Curtis D Mobley²

¹Dermatological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, UK.

Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine

|March 14, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation reflected from the ocean contributes minimally to skin’s erythemal exposure. Sunburn at the beach is primarily due to a lack of shade, not water or sand reflectance.

Keywords:

Ultraviolet Index ocean reflection sunburn transmission

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Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Oceanography
Dermatology

Background:

Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation poses risks to human skin.
The ocean's surface and water column can interact with UV radiation.
Quantifying UV exposure at coastal areas requires understanding these interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

To estimate the contribution of ocean-reflected and ocean-transmitted solar UV radiation to erythemal exposure.
To assess the impact on skin exposure for individuals at the coast.

Main Methods:

A numerical model was employed to calculate UV reflection and transmission.
Simulations considered various atmospheric conditions.
Erythemal exposure was estimated for supine/prone and ambulant individuals.

Main Results:

Reflected UV from the ocean contributes an erythemal exposure equivalent to a UV Index of approximately 0.7, even under maximal insolation.
In typical ocean waters, the UV Index at 2m depth is around 7 with the sun high in the sky.
Calculations were expressed using the UV Index scale.

Conclusions:

Ocean surface reflectance has a minor impact on skin's erythemal UV exposure.
Absence of shade is the primary cause of sunburn at the seaside, outweighing water or sand reflectance.
Visual perception of reflected sunlight differs from actual UV impact on skin.