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In acid-base chemistry, the leveling effect refers to the limitation imposed by the solvent on the strength of acids and bases in solution. When a base stronger than the solvent's conjugate base is used, it deprotonates the solvent until the base is entirely consumed, making it ineffective against weaker acids. Conversely, an acid stronger than the solvent's conjugate acid protonates the solvent until the acid is depleted, rendering it ineffective against weaker bases. Essentially, the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Modeling Primary Bone Tumors and Bone Metastasis with Solid Tumor Graft Implantation into Bone
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Crestal Bone Level Around Tissue-Level Implants Restored with Platform Matching and Bone-Level Implants Restored with

Laura Lago, Luis da Silva, Isabel Martinez-Silva

    The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants
    |March 14, 2018
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    Summary

    Bone-level implants with platform switching showed significantly less marginal bone loss compared to tissue-level implants with platform matching over five years. Both implant types demonstrated high survival rates in posterior regions.

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    Area of Science:

    • Dental Implantology
    • Biomaterials Science
    • Radiology

    Background:

    • Peri-implant bone loss is a critical factor affecting dental implant longevity.
    • Tissue-level implants with platform matching and bone-level implants with platform switching represent distinct prosthetic designs.
    • Understanding their long-term radiographic outcomes is essential for clinical decision-making.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To compare radiographic marginal bone level (MBL) changes over five years between tissue-level implants (platform matching) and bone-level implants (platform switching) in posterior edentulous regions.
    • To evaluate the differences in peri-implant bone crest levels between these two implant designs.

    Main Methods:

    • A 5-year randomized clinical trial involving 100 partially edentulous subjects (202 implants total).
    • Implants were categorized into a control group (tissue-level, platform matching) and a test group (bone-level, platform switching).
    • Periapical radiographs were taken at baseline, 1 year, and 5 years post-restoration to assess MBL changes.

    Main Results:

    • Bone-level implants with platform switching exhibited significantly less marginal bone loss compared to tissue-level implants with platform matching at all measured intervals (P < .001).
    • Mean MBL changes from baseline to 5 years were 0.61 ± 0.73 mm for tissue-level implants and -0.20 ± 0.75 mm for bone-level implants.
    • Both implant systems demonstrated comparable and high survival rates (98% for tissue-level, 96.1% for bone-level).

    Conclusions:

    • Bone-level implants restored with platform switching show superior marginal bone preservation compared to tissue-level implants with platform matching over a 5-year period.
    • While both systems have high survival rates, platform switching in bone-level implants appears to mitigate peri-implant bone crest reduction.
    • The statistically significant difference in MBL highlights the importance of implant design in long-term radiographic stability.