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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Cord01:26

Spinal Cord

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The spinal cord, a critical component of the central nervous system, extends from the base of the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It is essential for maintaining physical stability and facilitating communication between the brain and peripheral parts of the body.
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The Spinal Cord01:54

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The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
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The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
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Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the...
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Training Persons with Spinal Cord Injury to Ambulate Using a Powered Exoskeleton
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Posttraumatic Spinal Cord Injury without Radiographic Abnormality.

Kivanc Atesok1, Nobuhiro Tanaka2, Andrew O'Brien3

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Advances in Orthopedics
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Spinal Cord Injury without Radiographic Abnormality (SCIWORA) presents clinical signs of spinal cord injury without visible fractures on imaging. Diagnosis and management involve MRI, nonoperative treatments, and selective surgical interventions for persistent compression.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Radiology
  • Orthopedic Surgery

Background:

  • Spinal Cord Injury without Radiographic Abnormality (SCIWORA) is characterized by neurological deficits without radiographic evidence of fracture or malalignment.
  • It is more prevalent in children due to anatomical factors but can occur in adults, affecting cervical or thoracolumbar regions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define SCIWORA and discuss its diagnostic modalities.
  • To outline current treatment strategies, including nonoperative and operative approaches.
  • To highlight the role of advanced imaging in identifying subtle injuries.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on SCIWORA.
  • Discussion of diagnostic imaging techniques, emphasizing MRI's role in soft tissue injury detection.
  • Analysis of treatment outcomes for nonoperative and operative management.

Main Results:

  • MRI is crucial for detecting soft tissue lesions (edema, hematomas, discoligamentous injuries) not visible on X-ray or CT.
  • Nonoperative management (steroids, immobilization) is the primary treatment.
  • Surgery may be indicated for persistent spinal cord compression or instability.

Conclusions:

  • SCIWORA requires a high index of suspicion, especially in pediatric patients.
  • MRI is essential for accurate diagnosis and guiding treatment decisions.
  • A tailored approach combining conservative measures and selective surgical intervention optimizes patient outcomes.