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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

20.9K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

18.4K
Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
18.4K
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

15.3K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
15.3K
Comparing Intermolecular Forces: Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Miscibility02:34

Comparing Intermolecular Forces: Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Miscibility

51.7K
Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, and solubilities (miscibilities) of substances. Molar mass, molecular shape, and polarity affect the strength of different intermolecular forces, which influence the magnitude of physical properties across a family of molecules.
Temporary attractive forces like dispersion are present in all molecules, whether they are polar or nonpolar. They...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Exfoliation of Egyptian Blue and Han Blue, Two Alkali Earth Copper Silicate-based Pigments
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Exfoliation of Egyptian Blue and Han Blue, Two Alkali Earth Copper Silicate-based Pigments

Published on: April 24, 2014

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Atomically thin gallium layers from solid-melt exfoliation.

Vidya Kochat1, Atanu Samanta2, Yuan Zhang1

  • 1Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.

Science Advances
|March 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers have successfully exfoliated atomically thin gallenene sheets, a rare true metallic two-dimensional (2D) crystal. This discovery opens possibilities for advanced 2D electronic devices and metallic contacts.

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Preparation of Liquid-exfoliated Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Nanosheets with Controlled Size and Thickness: A State of the Art Protocol
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Exfoliation and Analysis of Large-area, Air-Sensitive Two-Dimensional Materials
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Exfoliation and Analysis of Large-area, Air-Sensitive Two-Dimensional Materials

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Two-dimensional (2D) atomic layer crystals are highly sought after for electronic applications.
  • True metallic 2D layers are exceptionally rare, limiting device design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the stability and exfoliation of atomically thin gallenene sheets.
  • To investigate the electronic and structural properties of gallenene.
  • To explore gallenene's potential as metallic contacts in 2D devices.

Main Methods:

  • Combined theoretical calculations (phonon dispersion, electronic band structure) and experimental approaches.
  • Solid-melt interface exfoliation technique using gallium.
  • Characterization of gallenene sheets on a silicon substrate.

Main Results:

  • Successful exfoliation of atomically thin gallenene sheets with two distinct atomic arrangements.
  • Phonon dispersion calculations confirm gallenene stability.
  • Electronic band structure indicates metallic behavior with a partially filled Dirac cone.
  • Gallenene induces metallic phase transitions in other 2D semiconductors upon interaction.

Conclusions:

  • Gallenene is a stable, true metallic 2D atomic layer crystal.
  • The solid-melt interface exfoliation is an effective method for gallenene extraction.
  • Gallenene shows significant potential for use as metallic contacts in next-generation 2D electronic devices.