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Related Concept Videos

What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

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The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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miRNA activation is an endogenous gene expression pathway.

Luis M Vaschetto1,2

  • 1a Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IDEA, CONICET) , Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, X5000JJC Córdoba , Argentina.

RNA Biology
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PubMed
Summary

Small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) can silence genes via RNA interference. Recent discoveries show endogenous microRNAs (miRNAs) can also activate gene expression through a novel RNA activation (RNAa) pathway, termed miRNAa.

Keywords:
Double-stranded RNAsRNA activationactivating miRNAsmicroRNA activationsmall activating RNAs

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Gene Regulation

Background:

  • Small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) are crucial regulators of gene expression.
  • RNA interference (RNAi) pathways are established mechanisms for gene silencing using sncRNAs.
  • Small activating RNAs (saRNAs) have been identified to activate gene expression via RNA-based gene activation (RNAa).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce the emerging field of microRNA-induced RNA activation (miRNAa).
  • To consolidate key findings on this novel transcriptional activation pathway.
  • To highlight the potential of endogenous miRNAs in gene activation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent discoveries in RNAa and miRNAa.
  • Analysis of studies investigating endogenous miRNA interactions with promoter regions.
  • Synthesis of evidence for miRNA-driven transcriptional upregulation.

Main Results:

  • Discovery of endogenous miRNAs binding to promoter regions to upregulate their own expression.
  • Identification of multiple miRNA-induced RNA activation (miRNAa) phenomena.
  • Evidence supporting a novel pathway for transcriptional gene activation mediated by miRNAs.

Conclusions:

  • MicroRNA-induced RNA activation (miRNAa) represents a newly identified transcriptional regulation mechanism.
  • Endogenous miRNAs possess the capability to activate gene expression, expanding their known functions.
  • This emergent research field opens new avenues for understanding gene regulation and therapeutic interventions.