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Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
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Local attraction refers to disturbances in compass readings caused by magnetic influences from nearby objects such as metal fences, buried pipes, vehicles, buildings, power lines, or natural iron ore deposits. Small items like wristwatches, steel tools, or belt buckles can also interfere with the compass by creating local magnetic fields that distort the Earth's natural magnetic field. These distortions lead to inaccurate readings, posing navigation and land surveying challenges.Local...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Adjunctive Diode Laser Therapy and Probiotic Lactobacillus Therapy in the Treatment of Periodontitis and Peri-Implant Disease
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Local Antibody Responses in Periodontal Diseases.

J L Ebersole, M A Taubman, D J Smith

    Journal of Periodontology
    |March 15, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study investigated the link between host antibodies, oral bacteria, and periodontal disease progression. Elevated IgG antibodies in serum and crevicular fluid correlated with specific bacteria in plaque, aiding disease understanding.

    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Microbiology
    • Periodontology

    Background:

    • Periodontal disease is linked to host immune responses and specific oral microorganisms.
    • Understanding the relationship between local and systemic antibody responses and bacterial colonization is crucial for disease management.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To assess the relationship between local and systemic host antibody responses.
    • To determine the colonization of subgingival plaque by periodontal disease-associated microorganisms.
    • To evaluate the progression of periodontal disease in relation to host immune responses and microbial presence.

    Main Methods:

    • Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine serum antibody levels to oral microorganisms.
    • A modified, highly sensitive ELISA (using biotin and avidin) was employed for detecting IgG antibodies in serum and static crevicular fluid (SCF).

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  • Plaque and SCF samples were analyzed for the presence of specific microorganisms and homologous IgG antibodies, respectively.

    • Main Results:

    • A significant elevation in IgG antibody levels was observed in serum against specific oral microorganisms.
    • The modified ELISA demonstrated a 5- to 10-fold increase in sensitivity for IgG antibody detection.
    • The proportion of agreement between elevated SCF antibody levels and the presence of the corresponding microorganism ranged from 54% to 78%.

    Conclusions:

    • Host antibody responses, both local and systemic, are associated with the presence of specific periodontal disease-associated microorganisms.
    • The findings provide a framework for understanding the interplay between host immunity, microbial colonization, and periodontal disease progression.
    • Further research can build upon this hypothetical framework to develop targeted diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.