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Related Concept Videos

Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and...
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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the...
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Brain waves are electrical signals generated by the neurons in the brain, which are regularly monitored to measure mental activities. Brain waves and their frequency ranges can be measured using an electroencephalogram or EEG. There are four main types of brain waves, each with distinct characteristics:
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Organization of the Brain01:30

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The brain is an integral component of the nervous system and serves as the center for processing sensory inputs, making decisions, and directing bodily actions. This complex organ is organized into three primary sections: the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, each responsible for a range of vital functions.
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Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Brain Death Induction in Mice Using Intra-Arterial Blood Pressure Monitoring and Ventilation via Tracheostomy
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Brain death revisited.

K Ganapathy1

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Apollo Main Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Neurology India
|March 17, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Diagnosing brain death is complex due to mechanical ventilation, challenging clinical determination. Understanding brain stem dysfunction is crucial for accurate brain death certification and organ donation.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Medical Ethics

Background:

  • Historically, death was a distinct event, but advances like mechanical ventilation complicate determining the exact moment of death.
  • The increasing availability of intensive care units (ICUs) and mandatory brain death notification for organ transplantation necessitate a thorough understanding of brain death criteria.

Observation:

  • The author shares over two decades of personal experience in certifying brain death in a quaternary care setting.
  • The pathophysiology of brain stem dysfunction is key to understanding the rationale behind mandatory clinical tests for brain death.

Findings:

  • Clinical diagnosis of brain death presents challenges, including potential pitfalls and limitations of confirmatory tests.
  • There is a lack of international consensus on the definition and criteria for brain death, leading to legal discrepancies between countries.
Keywords:
Brain deathBrain death reviewedbrain death in India

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Implications:

  • Accurate and timely diagnosis of brain death is critical for facilitating cadaveric organ transplantation.
  • Addressing the ethical concerns and diagnostic ambiguities surrounding brain death is essential for both clinicians and legal frameworks.