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Effects of Blast-induced Neurotrauma on Pressurized Rodent Middle Cerebral Arteries
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Do blast induced skull flexures result in axonal deformation?

Harsha T Garimella1, Reuben H Kraft1, Andrzej J Przekwas2

  • 1Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America.

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|March 17, 2018
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Summary

Blast-induced skull flexures can cause high axonal strain rates (150-378 s-1) in the brain. These rates may lead to micro-structural axonal damage, impacting brain injury research.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Modeling

Background:

  • Blast-induced traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant concern.
  • Understanding the mechanisms of axonal injury from blast waves is crucial for developing protective measures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate axonal deformation caused by blast-induced skull flexures using subject-specific finite element models.
  • To quantify axonal strain rates under various blast loading conditions and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) properties.

Main Methods:

  • Developed and verified subject-specific finite element models of the human head, incorporating axonal tractography via the embedded finite element method.
  • Simulated blast loading scenarios with varying overpressures and directions, focusing on the initial shock (< 5 milliseconds).
  • Conducted 138 simulations, including 128 for loading scenarios and 10 for CSF material model variations, totaling 10,702 simulation core hours.

Main Results:

  • Identified extreme axonal strain rates ranging from 150 to 378 s-1 resulting from blast-induced skull flexures.
  • Demonstrated that skull flexural displacement is a primary driver of high strain rates in axonal fiber tracts.
  • Documented strains and strain rates across all simulated fiber tracts and loading conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Blast-induced skull flexures generate high strain rates that could cause rate-dependent micro-structural axonal damage.
  • The findings provide critical data for understanding TBI mechanisms and informing the design of protective equipment.
  • Computational modeling offers a powerful tool for investigating the complex biomechanics of blast-induced head injuries.