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Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Myocardial Infarction and Functional Outcome Assessment in Pigs
Published on: April 25, 2014
The future trajectory of adverse outcome pathways: a commentary
Fiona Sewell1, Nichola Gellatly2, Maria Beaumont3
1National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London, NW1 2BE, UK. fiona.sewell@nc3rs.org.uk.
Abstract:
The advent of adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) has provided a new lexicon for description of mechanistic toxicology, and a renewed enthusiasm for exploring modes of action resulting in adverse health and environmental effects. In addition, AOPs have been used successfully as a framework for the design and development of non-animal approaches to toxicity testing. Although the value of AOPs is widely recognised, there remain challenges and opportunities associated with their use in practise. The purpose of this article is to consider specifically how the future trajectory of AOPs may provide a basis for addressing some of those challenges and opportunities.
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