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Related Concept Videos

What is Glycolysis?00:56

What is Glycolysis?

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Overview
Cells make energy by breaking down macromolecules. Cellular respiration is the biochemical process that converts "food energy" (from the chemical bonds of macromolecules) into chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The first step of this tightly regulated and intricate process is glycolysis. The word glycolysis originates from the Latin glyco (sugar) and lysis (breakdown). Glycolysis serves two main intracellular functions: generating ATP and generating...
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Outcomes of Glycolysis01:13

Outcomes of Glycolysis

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Nearly all the energy used by cells comes from the bonds that make up complex organic compounds. These organic compounds are broken down into simpler molecules, such as glucose. As a result, cells extract energy from glucose over many chemical reactions—a process called cellular respiration.
Cellular respiration can occur aerobically (with oxygen) or anaerobically (without oxygen). In the presence of oxygen, cellular respiration starts with glycolysis and continues with pyruvate...
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Energy-releasing Steps of Glycolysis01:28

Energy-releasing Steps of Glycolysis

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Glycolysis is divided into two phases based on whether energy is utilized or released. While the first phase consumes ATP, the second phase produces energy in the form of ATP and NADH. The energy is released over a sequence of reactions that turns G3P into pyruvate. The energy-releasing phase—steps 6-10 of glycolysis—occurs twice, once for each of the two 3-carbon sugars produced during steps 1-5 of the first phase.
The first energy-releasing step—the 6th step of glycolysis...
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Energy-requiring Steps of Glycolysis01:20

Energy-requiring Steps of Glycolysis

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Glucose is the source of nearly all energy used by organisms. The first step of converting glucose into usable energy is called glycolysis. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of the cell over two phases: an energy-requiring phase and an energy-releasing phase. Over the first three steps, glucose is converted into different forms and attached to two phosphate groups donated by two ATP molecules, resulting in an unstable sugar. In the next two stages, the unstable sugar splits into two sugar...
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Glycolysis01:23

Glycolysis

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Glycolysis, the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, is a central metabolic pathway involved in glucose catabolism. It is highly conserved across most organisms, reflecting its fundamental role in cellular energy production. This process occurs in the cytoplasm and can function both in the presence and absence of oxygen, making it versatile for various organisms and environmental conditions.Stages of GlycolysisGlycolysis is a ten-step pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, generating a net gain of...
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Yeast Signaling01:28

Yeast Signaling

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Yeasts are single-celled organisms, but unlike bacteria, they are eukaryotes (cells with a nucleus). Cell signaling in yeast is similar to signaling in other eukaryotic cells. A ligand, such as a protein or a small molecule released from a yeast cell, attaches to a receptor on the cell surface. The binding stimulates second-messenger kinases to activate or inactivate transcription factors that further regulate gene expression. Many of the yeast intracellular signaling cascades have similar...
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Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Isolation of Cellular Lipid Droplets: Two Purification Techniques Starting from Yeast Cells and Human Placentas
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Understanding start-up problems in yeast glycolysis.

Gosse B Overal1, Bas Teusink2, Frank J Bruggeman2

  • 1Department of Mathematics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands.

Mathematical Biosciences
|March 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Yeast

Keywords:
Bifurcation analysisBiochemical pathwaysDifferential equationsGlycolysisYeast

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  • Systems Biology
  • Metabolic Engineering

Background:

  • Yeast glycolysis is crucial for energy production but its dynamics are not fully understood.
  • Overexpressed glycolytic enzymes in nutrient-poor conditions may prime yeast for rapid glucose utilization.
  • Starved yeast with abundant glucose can enter a lethal imbalanced state, linked to redox balance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamical aspects of yeast glycolysis using a mathematical model.
  • To elucidate the role of redox balance in yeast metabolic states.
  • To analyze the conditions leading to stable glycolysis versus imbalanced states.

Main Methods:

  • Mathematical analysis of an ordinary differential equation model of yeast glycolysis.
  • Inclusion of NADH to represent redox balance in the model.
  • Parameter-free analysis for qualitative insights and numerical continuation.

Main Results:

  • A bifurcation governs the switch between non-viable and stable glycolytic flux, dependent on the upper glycolysis to ATP consumption ratio.
  • Model predicts no glycolytic flux if upper glycolysis enzymes are underexpressed, even with sufficient glucose.
  • Imbalanced states exist under specific parameter conditions, independent of the main bifurcation.

Conclusions:

  • Yeast's ability to rapidly transition to glycolysis relies on maintaining expressed glycolytic enzymes.
  • Redox balance, specifically NADH levels, critically influences the bistability between functional and imbalanced metabolic states.
  • The study provides a framework for understanding yeast metabolic regulation and potential cell death mechanisms.