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Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway01:28

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway

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Nitric oxide (NO), an inorganic gas, acts as a potent second messenger in most animal and plant tissues. NO diffuses out of the cells that produce it and enters the neighboring cells to generate a downstream response. NO synthase (NOS) catalyzes NO production by the deamination of the amino acid arginine. There are three isoforms of NOS. Endothelial cells have endothelial NOS (eNOS), nerve and muscle cells have neuronal NOS (nNOS), and macrophages produce inducible NOS (iNOS) upon exposure...
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Oxidation Numbers

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Energy-releasing Steps of Glycolysis01:28

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Glycolysis is divided into two phases based on whether energy is utilized or released. While the first phase consumes ATP, the second phase produces energy in the form of ATP and NADH. The energy is released over a sequence of reactions that turns G3P into pyruvate. The energy-releasing phase—steps 6-10 of glycolysis—occurs twice, once for each of the two 3-carbon sugars produced during steps 1-5 of the first phase.
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Analytical Techniques for Assaying Nitric Oxide Bioactivity
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Nitric Oxide-Releasing Alginates.

Mona Jasmine R Ahonen1, Dakota J Suchyta1, Huanyu Zhu1

  • 1Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , CB 3290, North Carolina 27599 , United States.

Biomacromolecules
|March 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chemically modified alginate biopolymers can store and release nitric oxide (NO) to kill bacteria. Lower molecular weight alginates with moderate NO release showed the best results against planktonic and biofilm bacteria with minimal toxicity.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Alginate biopolymers are versatile materials for biomedical applications.
  • Nitric oxide (NO) possesses potent antimicrobial properties.
  • Developing effective NO delivery systems is crucial for combating bacterial infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To chemically modify alginate biopolymers for nitric oxide (NO) storage and release.
  • To investigate the antimicrobial efficacy of NO-releasing alginates against pathogenic bacteria.
  • To assess the biocompatibility of these modified alginates.

Main Methods:

  • Alginate modification using carbodiimide chemistry and amine functionalization.
  • Conversion of secondary amines to N-diazeniumdiolate NO donors via reaction with NO gas.
  • Characterization of NO storage capacity and release kinetics.
  • Evaluation of bactericidal activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus (planktonic and biofilm).
  • Assessment of cytotoxicity against human respiratory epithelial (A549) cells.

Main Results:

  • NO donor-modified alginates stored 0.4-0.6 μmol NO·mg⁻¹.
  • NO release half-lives varied from 0.3 to 13 hours, depending on amine structure.
  • Effective bactericidal activity was observed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.
  • Lower molecular weight alginates (∼5 kDa) with moderate NO release (half-life ∼4 h) enhanced bacterial killing.
  • Negligible toxicity was observed at concentrations effective for biofilm eradication.

Conclusions:

  • Chemically modified alginates serve as effective nitric oxide (NO) donors.
  • NO-releasing alginates demonstrate significant bactericidal activity against key pathogens.
  • Optimized alginate molecular weight and NO release kinetics enhance antimicrobial efficacy.
  • These NO-releasing alginates show promise as a safe and effective antimicrobial material.