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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
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The external iliac artery transitions out of the body cavity, entering the femoral region of the lower leg, and is renamed the femoral artery at the point where it traverses the body wall. This artery is responsible for the distribution of blood to the thigh's deep muscles and the skin's ventral and lateral regions, achieved through several minor branches and the lateral deep femoral artery, which also spawns a lateral circumflex artery. The knee area receives blood from the genicular...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

A Simple Non-invasive Method for Temporary Knockdown of Upper Limb Proprioception
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A Simple Non-invasive Method for Temporary Knockdown of Upper Limb Proprioception.

Jacey L Janz Vernoski1, Jack R Bjorkland1, Talia J Kramer1

  • 1Department of Physical Therapy, The College of St. Scholastica.

Journal of Visualized Experiments : Jove
|March 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a simple, non-invasive vibration method to temporarily reduce upper limb proprioception in healthy adults. This technique aids in developing and testing new measures for assessing proprioceptive function and training outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomechanics
  • Motor Control

Background:

  • Proprioception is crucial for neural control of movement but is difficult to measure accurately.
  • Developing precise, reliable proprioceptive measures is essential for clinical diagnosis and evaluating training effectiveness.
  • Current methods for temporarily reducing proprioception are often invasive or uncomfortable.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a simple, non-invasive method for temporarily reducing upper limb proprioception in healthy adults.
  • To provide a controlled knockdown model for developing and testing new proprioceptive measures.
  • To offer a practical alternative to invasive techniques like nerve blocks or cryotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized high-frequency vibration applied over the ulnar groove to inhibit pacinian corpuscle input.
  • Assessed the reduction in proprioceptive acuity using two quantitative measures.
  • Employed a non-invasive, comfortable, and practical protocol for participant administration.

Main Results:

  • Successfully reduced upper limb proprioception in healthy participants.
  • The vibration method proved to be simple, comfortable, and practical to administer.
  • The extent of proprioceptive reduction was controllable and quantifiable.

Conclusions:

  • Vibration over the ulnar groove is an effective and non-invasive method for temporarily reducing upper limb proprioception.
  • This technique offers a valuable tool for research and development of new proprioceptive assessment measures.
  • The method's practicality and comfort make it suitable for widespread use in neuroscience and rehabilitation research.