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Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
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01:22Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test
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01:27Language and Cognition
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01:25Cognitive Therapy
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01:23Cognition and Behavior
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01:21Cognitive Learning
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Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
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Cognitive Function and Ophthalmological Diseases: The Beijing Eye Study.
Jost B Jonas1,2, Wen Bin Wei3, Li Ping Zhu4
1Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology and Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
Scientific Reports
|March 21, 2018
Summary
This study found that better cognitive function in older adults is linked to better vision and thicker choroids. Undercorrected vision may contribute to cognitive decline, highlighting the need for regular eye exams.
Area of Science:
- Ophthalmology
- Gerontology
- Neuroscience
Background:
- Cognitive decline is a growing concern in aging populations.
- Ophthalmological parameters may influence cognitive function.
- The Beijing Eye Study provides a valuable dataset for exploring these associations.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the relationship between cognitive function and various ophthalmological parameters in an elderly population.
- To identify specific eye conditions or visual impairments associated with cognitive dysfunction.
- To explore potential interventions for mitigating vision-associated cognitive decline.
Main Methods:
- Population-based study of 3127 individuals (mean age 64.2 years).
- Cognitive function assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) to calculate cognitive function score (CFS).
- Multivariate analysis used to examine associations between CFS and ophthalmological parameters, including visual acuity, glaucoma, and choroidal thickness.
Main Results:
- Higher CFS (better cognition) was significantly associated with better best-corrected visual acuity, less undercorrected visual acuity, lower prevalence of primary angle-closure glaucoma, and thicker subfoveal choroidal thickness.
- No significant correlation was found between CFS and age-related macular degeneration, open-angle glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, cataracts, retinal vein occlusions, or pseudoexfoliation.
- Prevalence of cognitive dysfunction was 9.6% mild, 3.2% moderate, and 0.6% severe.
Conclusions:
- Better cognitive function is associated with better visual acuity and certain ophthalmological characteristics.
- Undercorrected visual acuity in the elderly may be linked to lower cognitive function, suggesting a need for timely refraction testing and adequate eyewear.
- Further research is warranted to explore the causal relationship between cognitive function, primary angle-closure glaucoma, and choroidal thickness.