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Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Halogens

Halogens

Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group.

Bond Energies and Bond Lengths

Bond Energies and Bond Lengths

Stable molecules exist because covalent bonds hold the atoms together. The strength of a covalent bond is measured by the energy required to break it, that is, the energy necessary to separate the bonded atoms. Separating any pair of bonded atoms requires energy — the stronger a bond, the greater the energy required to break it.

Peptide Bonds

Peptide Bonds

A peptide bond covalently attaches amino acids through a dehydration reaction. One amino acid's carboxyl group and another amino acid's amino group combine, releasing a water molecule. The resulting bond is the peptide bond. The products that such linkages form are peptides. As more amino acids join this growing chain, the resulting chain is a polypeptide. Each polypeptide has a free amino group at one end. This end has the N-terminal, or the amino-terminal, and the other end has a free...

Bonding in Metals

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”.

Ionic Bonds

Ionic Bonds

Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Catalysis with Pnictogen, Chalcogen, and Halogen Bonds.

Sebastian Benz¹, Amalia I Poblador-Bahamonde¹, Nicolas Low-Ders¹

¹Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)

|March 21, 2018

Summary

This study introduces pnictogen bonds as novel catalysts for organocatalysis, demonstrating their effectiveness in chloride abstraction reactions. Antimony-based catalysts show superior performance, opening new avenues in catalysis.

Keywords:

anion binding catalysis chalcogen bonds halogen bonds pnictogen bonds

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Area of Science:

Supramolecular Chemistry
Organocatalysis
Materials Science

Background:

Halogen- and chalcogen-based σ-hole interactions are recognized in non-covalent organocatalysis.
Pnictogen bonds, a related interaction, have been largely unexplored in this field.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce and investigate neutral, monodentate pnictogen-bonding catalysts.
To provide evidence for the operational nature of pnictogen bonds in catalysis.
To explore the tunability of pnictogen bond strength and catalytic activity.

Main Methods:

Solution-phase binding studies.
In silico computational analyses.
Catalytic activity assessment in chloride abstraction reactions.

Main Results:

Demonstrated compelling evidence for operational pnictogen bonds in catalysis.
Showcased easily tunable σ-hole depth through substituent variation.
Observed increased catalytic activity from main group VII to V and rows 3 to 5.
Identified antimony-based pnictogen bonds as the most effective among those studied.

Conclusions:

Pnictogen bonds represent a promising new class of interactions for organocatalysis.
Antimony-based catalysts offer significant potential for future catalytic applications.
The study provides a foundation for further exploration of pnictogen bonding in chemistry.