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Related Concept Videos

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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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The Chain Rule01:30

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A system of interconnected gears provides a concrete physical interpretation of the Chain Rule in calculus. Consider three gears arranged in sequence, where the rotational speeds of the first, second, and third gears are represented by the variables x, z, and y, respectively. The first gear drives the second, and the second drives the third, so the motion of each gear depends on the one preceding it. This structure naturally leads to a two-stage variable relationship that can be analyzed using...
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The thermal expansion of a metal rod shows the application of the Chain Rule when one physical quantity depends on another that varies with time. As the rod is heated, its length changes according to linear thermal expansion, while the temperature of the system varies quadratically with time.For linear thermal expansion, the length L of the rod depends on temperature T such that the rate of change of length with respect to temperature is constant:where L0 = 2 m is the initial length of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

A High-throughput-compatible FRET-based Platform for Identification and Characterization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Light Chain Modulators
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A functional assay to identify amyloidogenic light chains.

Emily B Martin1, Angela D Williams1, R Eric Heidel2

  • 1a Department of Medicine , University of Tennessee Medical Center , Knoxville , TN , USA.

Amyloid : the International Journal of Experimental and Clinical Investigation : the Official Journal of the International Society of Amyloidosis
|March 25, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new assay can identify light chain proteins prone to forming amyloidosis, a complication of plasma cell disorders like multiple myeloma. This tool may help detect at-risk patients before symptoms develop.

Keywords:
Light-chain amyloidosisassaylight-chain proteinmultiple myelomarisk assessment

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Hematology
  • Protein Misfolding Diseases

Background:

  • Multiple myeloma (MM) and light chain monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (LCMGUS) are plasma cell disorders characterized by monoclonal free light-chain (LC) protein secretion.
  • High circulating LC levels place these patients at risk for light chain-associated amyloidosis (AL), a severe protein misfolding disease.
  • Current methods cannot accurately identify individuals at risk for AL, hindering early intervention despite emerging amyloid-targeted therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a competition assay capable of distinguishing light chain proteins with high amyloidogenic potential.
  • To identify pre-symptomatic individuals with monoclonal gammopathies who are at increased risk for developing light chain-associated amyloidosis.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a competition assay designed to discern LC proteins with enhanced amyloidogenic potential.
  • Optimization of assay conditions by evaluating various factors influencing its efficacy.
  • Utilized a panel of nine patient-derived LCs for assay validation.

Main Results:

  • Amyloid-associated (AL) LCs significantly inhibited the recruitment of a biotinyl-λ6 variable domain by homologous amyloid-like fibrils compared to MM LCs (p < .01).
  • The developed assay demonstrated accurate discrimination between AL and MM patient-derived LCs.

Conclusions:

  • The competition assay shows promise in differentiating LCs with high amyloidogenic potential.
  • This assay may serve as a valuable tool for identifying patients with monoclonal gammopathies at higher risk of developing amyloidosis, enabling earlier therapeutic strategies.