Ultrasound and the Evaluation of Pediatric Thyroid Malignancy: Current Recommendations for Diagnosis and Follow-up
Sarah Ogle1, Alexa Merz1, Ralitza Parina1
1Endocrine Surgery Center, Diabetes and Endocrinology Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Phoenix School of Medicine, Banner University Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Abstract:
Ultrasound (US) plays a critical role in the evaluation, treatment, screening, and surveillance of thyroid malignancy in pediatric patients. This review aims to summarize recent advances in this topic. Improvements in imaging technology have amplified the advantage of US and US-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy for thyroid nodule evaluation, cancer diagnosis, and surgical planning. Ultrasound has a definitive screening role for early cancer detection in high-risk patients, including those with a history of radiation exposure from childhood treatments, environmental radiation disasters, or hereditary/familial cancer syndromes. Finally, US is a key component of lifelong surveillance for recurrence among pediatric thyroid cancer survivors.
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